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Endocrine Physiology > VePHY M1 > Flashcards

VePHY M1 Flashcards

1
Q

unfavorable response to therapy caused by the therapeutic effort itself

A

iatrogenic disease

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2
Q

one of the most common endocrinopathies in cats

A

hyperthyroidism

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3
Q

excess of this hormone leads to demineralization of bone, hypercalcemia, renal calculi, and calcification of soft tissues

A

PTH

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4
Q

due to excessive autonomous secretion of parathyroid hormone

A

primary hyperparathyroidism

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5
Q

results from excessive secretion of ACTH by the pituitary gland, causing morphologic and functional hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex

A

secondary hyperadrenocorticism

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6
Q

adenoma or carcinoma of the adrenal cortex is formed, producing cortisol that is not controlled by ACTH

A

cushing’s syndrome

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7
Q

caused by excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortex

A

hyperadrenocorticism

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8
Q

result of a developmental defect whereby hormone-secreting cells of the anterior pituitary gland fail to differentiate completely

A

panhypopituitarism

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9
Q

can be due to insufficient secretion of TSH

A

secondary hypothyroidism

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10
Q

result of an autoimmune process whereby the thyroid gland is invaded by immune cells and the hormone-secreting cells are destroyed

A

primary hypothyroidism

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11
Q

defined as the smallest amount of unlabeled hormone that can be distinguished from having no hormone in the sample

A

sensitivity

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12
Q

extent to which a given set of measurements of the same sample agrees with the mean

A

precision

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13
Q

extent to which a set of measurements of a substance agrees with the exact amount of the substance that is present

A

accuracy

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14
Q

freedom from interference by substances other than the one intended to be measured

A

specificity

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15
Q

four criteria for assay validity

A

specificity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity

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16
Q

These substance is considered to be a tertiary messenger

A

calcium

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17
Q

Changes in ionized calcium within the cell regulate a protein called

A

calmodulin

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18
Q

enzymes that catalyze the conversion of inactive proenzyme to active enzymes

A

kinase

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19
Q

What are the initial steps in signal transduction of Proteins and Polypeptide hormones

A
  1. hormone binds to receptor on the outer surface of the plasma membrane
  2. receptor binding activates intramembranous regulatory proteins
  3. stimulatory regulatory proteins increase adenylate cyclase activity
  4. adenylate cyclase catalyzes formation of cyclic AMP from ATP
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20
Q

Where is the location of adenylate cyclase

A

inner surface of membrane

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21
Q

Concentrations of cyclic AMP increase or decrease in response to these hormones

A

ACTH, LH, FSH, calcitonin, PTH

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22
Q

ATP is degraded to CAMP by

A

phosphodiesterase

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23
Q

CAMP is derived from ATP through the action of

A

adenylate cyclase

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24
Q

what are some second messenger of hormones

A
  1. cyclic AMP
  2. calcium
  3. phosphotidylinositides
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25
Q

what are the end results of iodothyronines

A
  1. proteins to regulate other tissues
  2. enzymes
  3. receptors for other hormones
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26
Q

affect the frequency of transcript initiation

A

hormone response elements

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27
Q

modify the abundance of gene products

A

promotor elements

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28
Q

what are the steroid hormones

A

estrogens, progesterone, androgens

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29
Q

which hormones has their receptors inside the cytoplasm or nucleus

A

steroids, vitamin d and iodothyronines

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30
Q

their receptors are located within the cell membrane

A

neurotransmitters, proteins, peptides

31
Q

water soluble hormones that do not require additional carrier proteins for transport

A

proteins and peptides

32
Q

insoluble hormones which require carrier proteins

A

Iodothyronines, steroids

33
Q

regulation of hormonal secretion from an endocrine gland by an effect of the circulating hormone that the gland itself produces

A

feedback control

34
Q

classic example of positive and negative feedback process

A

hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis

35
Q

which hormones are produced without feedback regulation

A

equine chorionic gonadotropin, progesterone, estrogens, hormones of ectopic glands

36
Q

its concentrations in blood change seasonally responding to changes in ambient temperature

A

thyroxine

37
Q

2 functional domains of hormone receptors

A
  1. one that binds the hormone (recognition domain)
  2. the other that regulates post-binding biochemical events (coupling domain)
38
Q

store abundant iodothyronines as thyroglobulin, providing a mechanism to delay hypothyroidism should synthetic mechanisms fail

A

thyroid follicles

39
Q

these species have similar thyrogobulins structure

A

man, sheep, pigs, cattle

40
Q

represents the storage form of the iodothyronines

A

thyroglobulin

41
Q

Give the characteristics of a true endocrine gland that separate it from other organs that also produce hormones

A
  1. endocrine glands synthesize the hormone at faster rates
  2. efficiently process prohormones
  3. have mechanisms for releasing he hormone in a controlled manner
42
Q

Estrogen is a precursor of what substance in the female

A

androstenedione

43
Q

In which organs are Thyroxine (T4) is converted to the hormone triiodothyronine (T3)

A

liver, kidney, brain, pituitary gland

44
Q

what are the lipidic hormones

A

steroids, eicosanoids

45
Q

Common characteristics of hormones

A
  1. present in the blood and other extracellular fluids in low concentrations
  2. existence of mechanisms that direct hormones to their target cells and tissues
46
Q

range of hormone concentration from in extracellular fluids

A

10-11 to 10-9 M

47
Q

range of concentrations of nonhormonal amino acids, peptides, and lipids

A

10-5 to 10-3 M

48
Q

organ where insulin exerts its major function

A

liver

49
Q

which cell structure are prohormones encoded

A

rough ER

50
Q

Other peptides with hormonal activity derived from POMC include

A

MSH, beta-endorphin, beta-lipotropin

51
Q

Enumerate some prohormones

A

proinsulin, proglucagon, progastrin, procalcitonin

52
Q

preproPTH is a polypeptide of 113 amino acids and it is synthesized in the

A

ribosomes of chief cells

53
Q

in which organelle is PreproPTH reduced to proPTH with 90 amino acids

A

endoplasmic reticulum

54
Q

require equally sophisticated communications networks and strategies

A

control mechanisms

55
Q

significantly dependent on hormones from the endocrine system for normal function

A

nervous system

56
Q

an endocrine gland highly integrated with the nervous system

A

adrenal medulla

57
Q

study of communication within a living organism by means of hormones

A

endocrinology

58
Q

chemical messengers of the endocrine system

A

hormones

59
Q

hormones are secreted from a ductless gland, emptied directly into the circulation, and transported by the blood to some distance to alter function of a target organ

A

hemocrine communication

60
Q

routes of hormones other than blood

A

Autocrine, Paracrine, Neurocrine, and Solinocrine

61
Q

hormones are secreted locally into the extracellular space only to self-regulate the very cells that released them

A

autocrine

62
Q

communication involves secretion of hormones from a cell directly into the surrounding extracellular space

A

paracrine

63
Q

delivers very high concentrations of the hormone to its target site

A

paracrine

64
Q

specialized form of paracrine function in which the chemical messenger is transferred to a target cell via a synapse or neuromuscular junction

A

neurocrine

65
Q

hormones secreted directly into the lumen of the gastrointestinal, respiratory and reproductive tracts

A

solinocrine

66
Q

it functions include enzyme synthesis, erythropoiesis, bone turnover, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism

A

thyroxine

67
Q

hormones which regulate lactation

A

prolactin, placental lactogens, corticosteroids, thyroxine, sex steroids, oxytocin

68
Q

vital for maintenance of the animal’s internal environment

A

hormones, nervous system

69
Q

their actions are essential for pre-and postnatal growth and development

A

hormones

70
Q

important in timing the cessation of growth

A

GH

71
Q

give the protein hormones

A

prolactin and growth hormone

72
Q

give the glycoprotein hormones

A

TSH, LH, FSH

73
Q

what are the peptide hormones

A

insulin, IGF-1, ACTH

74
Q

hormones derived from amino acids

A

triiodothyronine and catecholamines

Endocrine Physiology (5 decks)

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