Ventilation to Breathing Patterns

Question 1

What are the 3 basic steps of respiration and describe them

Answer 1

1. Ventilation= ie breathing, exchange of air between the atm and the alveoli
2. External respiration= gas exchange between alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillary
3. Internal respiration= systemic exchange of gases in the capillaries and tissues

Question 2

What is cellular respiration

Answer 2

the metabolic rxn inside the cell that makes ATP, consumes O2 and gives off CO2

Question 3

Define intrapleural (intrathoracic) pressure

Answer 3

fluid pressure between the visceral and partial layers of the pleura

Question 4

Define alveolar (intrapulmonic) pressure

Answer 4

pressure inside the lung

Question 5

When pressure in the atmosphere is greater than in the alveolar (intrapulmonic) pressure

Answer 5

inspiration

Question 6

What is Boyles law and how does it relate to ventilation

Answer 6

Boyles= In a container pressure is inversely related to volume

Question 7

What are the main muscles of inspiration and what one is the most important

Answer 7

Diaphragm= most important

External intercostals

Question 8

What happens when the diaphragm constricts

Answer 8

it flattens out increasing thoracic cavity volume which decreases pressure and allows inhalation

Question 9

What is the role of the external intercostals

Answer 9

when they contract they elevate the ribs causing the anteroposterior and lateral diameters to increase

Question 10

When the thoracic cavity increases in volume what allows the lungs to expand

Answer 10

Rib cage expands-> partial pleura expands and because of surface tension it pulls on the visceral pleura causing lung expansion

Question 11

True or False the intrapleural pressure is always lower than atmospheric pressure

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What muscles are used during deep forceful inhalations and what are there fx

Answer 12

Accessory muscles

• sternocleidomastoids- elevate sternum
• scalenes= elevates ribs 1 and 2
• pectoralis minor= elevates ribs 3-5

Question 13

What part of ventilation is active and which part is passive

Answer 13

active= inhalation

passive= exhalation

Question 14

What causes normal exhalation

Answer 14

recoil of the main muscles of inspiration, elastic fibers of the lungs, smooth muscles of the airway, and the inward pull of the alveolar fluid

Question 15

What muscles are used during forceful exhalations and what are there fx

Answer 15

Abdominals= moves inferior ribs downward compressing the abd visera which pushes up on the diaphragm

Internal intercostals = pulls ribs inferiorly to help put pressure on the abd visera

Question 16

What other factors contribute to the rate of airflow/pulmonary ventilation

Answer 16

1. surface tension of the alveolar fluid
2. compliance (stretch) of the lungs
3. airway resistance (diameter)

Question 17

What is the largest factor of elastic recoil in exhalation

Answer 17

the surface tension of alveolar fluid

Question 18

What reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid

Answer 18

surfactant

Question 19

Define Law of Laplace and how does it relate to ventilation

Answer 19

States pressure inside a spherical surface is inversely proportional to its radius

so smaller alveoli have higher pressure that needs to be overcome

Question 20

Describe respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 20

premature babies lack the ability to produce surfactant allowing alveolar collapse and reduced gas exchange

Question 21

Define atelectasis

Answer 21

partial or complete collapse of the lung

Question 22

If a pt has high lung compliance what does this mean

Answer 22

lungs and chest wall expands easily

Question 23

If a pt has high lung compliance what does this mean

Answer 23

lungs and chest wall resist expansion

Question 24

What can be said about the compliance of pts w/ COPD and Emphysema

Answer 24

the pts lung have decreased/low lung compliance which decreases area for gas exchange

Question 25

What disease is characterized by increased airway resistance

Answer 25

Asthma

Question 26

Why doesnt the sympathetic response during panic of an asthma attack overcome bronchioconstriction

Answer 26

because muscarinic receptors far outnumber adrenergic receptors

Question 27

Define eupnea

Answer 27

normal quite breathing

Question 28

Define costal breathing and what can it lead to

Answer 28

shallow pattern of breathing characterized by the upward and outward movement of the chest d/t external intercostal contraction

can lead to atelectasis

Question 29

Define diaphragmatic breathing

Answer 29

deep breathing pattern that is characterized by the outward movement of the abd d/t constriction of the diaphragm

Question 30

What are the 3 abrupt breathing reflexes

Answer 30

1. cough reflex
2. sneeze reflex
3. hiccup

Question 31

Describe the cough reflex

Answer 31

• stimulated by foreign matter or irritant in trachea
• epiglottis and glottis closes and forced expiratory muscles contract which increases air pressure in the lungs
• epiglottis and glottis opens quickly causing burst of pressurized air to be expelled

Question 32

Describe the sneeze reflex

Answer 32

• same as cough but it is stimulated by irritants to the nasal cavity

Question 33

Describe the physiologic actions of a hiccup`

Answer 33

involuntary spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm

causes a characteristic sound because it typically occurs during inhalation which abruptly closes the glottis