Ventilation respiration and energy. Flashcards
Explain how the collaboration of diaphragm and intercostal muscles relate to their function
The collaboration of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles allow for changes within pressures within the lungs allowing for inspiration and expiration.
Explain how the pleural membrane reduces friction
Encapsulating the pleural membrane the pleural cavity is filled with fluid which allows surfaces to slide over each other.
How is the large surface area to volume ratio achieved in the lungs
Achieved through the alveoli which are little air filled sacs with epilethial cells one single cell thick.
How does the paranasal sinuses aid in the function of the respiratory system.
Paranasal sinuses keep the air moist that enters the nose and mouth so as to not damage the conditions in the lungs.
How is the trachea structure adapted to its role in the respiratory system
Composed of cartilage, prevent airways from collapsing under low pressures allowing air to pass in and out of the lungs.
Explain how ciliates cells help in the respiratory system
Have tiny hair like projections which allow for trapping dust and other particles which acts as a primary defence mechanism against disease.
Eplain the function of epiglottis in the respiratory system.
Prevents food from entering the lungs… Made up of fibrocartilage it directs food down the oesophagus.
What are the two types of breathing?
Unconscious (autonomous) and concious (voluntary)
What are the two areas of the brain that control unconscious breathing.
Medulla oblongata, located in the brain stem and pons.
Where is the pons situated in the brain
Pons is located underneath the medulla.
What is the appneustic centre of the pons responsible for
Increases tidal volume controlling the intensity and depth of inspiration.
What is the pneumotaxic centre of the pons responsible for?
Decreases tidal volume limiting activity of the phrenic nerve.
What do the stretch receptors do in the regulation of breathing?
Stretch receptors inhibit the lungs from over stretching which could cause the lung to rupture due to increased pressure.
What do chemoreceptors do?
They are chemical transducers that dectect changes in the blood ph which requires a change in involuntary respiration.
What type of system is the regulation of breathing?
Regulation of breathing is a negative feedback system.
What is the function of the negative feedback system?
Details homeostatic mechanisms in order to maintain optimum conditions of respiration.
How Is the concious (voluntary) regulation of breathing achieved.
Higher centres of the brain are able to override autonomy of respiratory system.
What are the two types of chemoreceptors
Central chemoreceptors
Peripheral chemoreceptors
what do the central chemoreceptors monitor
Central chemoreceptors monitor changes in the ph of the cerebrospinal fluid by changes in concentrations of hydrogen ions.
What do the peripheral chemoreceptors measure.
Peripheral chemoreceptors measure the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the blood found in the aortic and carotid bodies.
How is bronchodilation and bronchiconstriction achieved
Through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.
What is ventilation?
Ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
Give a brief summary of what occurs during the process of inspiration.
Intercostal muscles when the contract lift the rib age up and out expanding the pleural cavity. Intrapulmonary pressure drops and air moves into the lungs.
What are the different types of ventilation
Quiet ventilation and forced ventilation.
