Ventilation respiration and energy.

Question 1

Explain how the collaboration of diaphragm and intercostal muscles relate to their function

Answer 1

The collaboration of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles allow for changes within pressures within the lungs allowing for inspiration and expiration.

Question 2

Explain how the pleural membrane reduces friction

Answer 2

Encapsulating the pleural membrane the pleural cavity is filled with fluid which allows surfaces to slide over each other.

Question 3

How is the large surface area to volume ratio achieved in the lungs

Answer 3

Achieved through the alveoli which are little air filled sacs with epilethial cells one single cell thick.

Question 4

How does the paranasal sinuses aid in the function of the respiratory system.

Answer 4

Paranasal sinuses keep the air moist that enters the nose and mouth so as to not damage the conditions in the lungs.

Question 5

How is the trachea structure adapted to its role in the respiratory system

Answer 5

Composed of cartilage, prevent airways from collapsing under low pressures allowing air to pass in and out of the lungs.

Question 6

Explain how ciliates cells help in the respiratory system

Answer 6

Have tiny hair like projections which allow for trapping dust and other particles which acts as a primary defence mechanism against disease.

Question 7

Eplain the function of epiglottis in the respiratory system.

Answer 7

Prevents food from entering the lungs… Made up of fibrocartilage it directs food down the oesophagus.

Question 8

What are the two types of breathing?

Answer 8

Unconscious (autonomous) and concious (voluntary)

Question 9

What are the two areas of the brain that control unconscious breathing.

Answer 9

Medulla oblongata, located in the brain stem and pons.

Question 10

Where is the pons situated in the brain

Answer 10

Pons is located underneath the medulla.

Question 11

What is the appneustic centre of the pons responsible for

Answer 11

Increases tidal volume controlling the intensity and depth of inspiration.

Question 12

What is the pneumotaxic centre of the pons responsible for?

Answer 12

Decreases tidal volume limiting activity of the phrenic nerve.

Question 13

What do the stretch receptors do in the regulation of breathing?

Answer 13

Stretch receptors inhibit the lungs from over stretching which could cause the lung to rupture due to increased pressure.

Question 14

What do chemoreceptors do?

Answer 14

They are chemical transducers that dectect changes in the blood ph which requires a change in involuntary respiration.

Question 15

What type of system is the regulation of breathing?

Answer 15

Regulation of breathing is a negative feedback system.

Question 16

What is the function of the negative feedback system?

Answer 16

Details homeostatic mechanisms in order to maintain optimum conditions of respiration.

Question 17

How Is the concious (voluntary) regulation of breathing achieved.

Answer 17

Higher centres of the brain are able to override autonomy of respiratory system.

Question 18

What are the two types of chemoreceptors

Answer 18

Central chemoreceptors

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 19

what do the central chemoreceptors monitor

Answer 19

Central chemoreceptors monitor changes in the ph of the cerebrospinal fluid by changes in concentrations of hydrogen ions.

Question 20

What do the peripheral chemoreceptors measure.

Answer 20

Peripheral chemoreceptors measure the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the blood found in the aortic and carotid bodies.

Question 21

How is bronchodilation and bronchiconstriction achieved

Answer 21

Through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.

Question 22

What is ventilation?

Answer 22

Ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Question 23

Give a brief summary of what occurs during the process of inspiration.

Answer 23

Intercostal muscles when the contract lift the rib age up and out expanding the pleural cavity. Intrapulmonary pressure drops and air moves into the lungs.

Question 24

What are the different types of ventilation

Answer 24

Quiet ventilation and forced ventilation.

Question 25

What’s the difference between quiet ventilation and forced ventilation.

Answer 25

Quiet ventilation is a unconscious process. engaging the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. Forced ventilation is a concious process , involving use of accessory muscles.

Question 26

Name the pressures involved in ventilation.

Answer 26

Atmospheric pressure, transpulmonary, intrapleural & Intrapulmonary pressures.