Ventilation Control Flashcards
name the three basic elements of ventilation control
central controller (pons/brainstem)
effectors
sensors
what is the central controller of respiration?
pons in the brainstem
what type of neurons does the ventral respiratory group contain? inspiratory expiratory or both?
both
name the three locations the ventral respiratory group nerves project to
phrenic nerve
intercostal neurons
abdominal motor neurons
what type of nerves are in the dorsal respiratory group in the pons?
just inspiratory nerves
what is the main sensory location of the respiratory control?
the dorsal respiratory group
where does the pre botzinger complex reside?
in the ventral respiratory group
what is unique about the nerves in the pre botzinger complex?
they have pacemaker ability…automaticity
where does the normal breathing rhythm originate?
in the pre botzinger complex in the ventral respiratory group
what nerve innervated the diaphragm?
the phrenic nerve
where do the intercostal nerves originate from?
the thoracic vertebrae
where do the abdominal muscles receive their innervation?
from lumbar vertebrae
where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located for respiratory system?
common carotid artery and aortic arch
what is the main stimulus of the peripheral chemoreceptors?
low O2…do not respond to CO2 changes as well
what nerve carries signals from common carotid sensor?
glossopharyngeal
what nerve carries signals from aortic arch sensor?
vagus nerve
what do the central chemoreceptors mainly detect changes in? how?
CO2
it will change pH levels in the CSF
explain how high CO2 levels lead to low pH levels in the CSF (2 reasons)
the blood brain barrier is very permeable to CO2 and impermeable to any charged things…
there are low levels of protein in the CSF so CO2 plays large role in the carbonic anhydrase reaction
aside from the central and peripheral receptors for respiratory, what else is there?
pulmonary stretch receptors
where are the pulmonary stretch receptors located?
airway smooth muscle
what nerve serves as the afferent tract of the pulmonary stretch receptors?
vagus nerve
when the pulmonary stretch nerves are stimulated, what is the response? what does this protect the lung from?
to inhibit ventilation
being over inflated
if you sever the vagus nerve, how does this affect tidal volume? why?
it will increase tidal volume because the pulmonary stretch receptors are no longer able to fire as volume is increasing
what are pulmonary irritant receptors?
these are nerve receptors located in between the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract
what do pulmonary irritant receptors respond to?
noxious gases, cigarette smoke and inhaled dust/cold air
what nerve do pulmonary irritant fibers run on?
vagus nerve
activation of pulmonary irritant fibers leads to what three responses?
ventilation, bronchoconstriction and cough
are pulmonary stretch receptors rapidly adapting fibers or slowly adapting fibers? what does this mean?
they are slowly adapting meaning that as long as stimulus of stretch is present they will be firing
are pulmonary irritant fibers rapidly or slowly adapting fibers? what does this mean?
rapidly adapting meaning they will stop firing before sensation is gone
what are the J receptors? where are they located?
receptors located in the external wall of the pulmonary capillaries..
what two things do J receptors respond to?
blood borne substances and pulmonary congestion/edema
what nerve do J receptors run on?
vagus nerve
what does activation of the J receptors cause?
transient apnea followed by rapid shallow breathing, bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion
what two diseases are the pulmonary J receptors very commonly stimulated in?
left heart failure and interstitial lung disease
you can receive stimulation from many other body areas like proprioception and muscle pain and temp, what are of the respiratory control center do these aspects travel to?
the dorsal respiratory group
what is the name of the stretch receptor reflex?
Hering Breur reflex
name the two other groups in the pons that contribute to breathing patterns
apneustic
pneumotaxic
what is the role of the apneustic area in the pons?
will help with gasping for air
what is the role of the pneumotaxic area in the pons?
contributes to regulation of normal tidal breathing patterns
which receptors contribute to histamine production in asthma?
pulmonary irritant receptors
in exercise, once you switch to anaerobic respiration what happens to the CO2, O2 and pH levels in arterial blood?
CO2 decreases
O2 increases
pH falls
why does the pH fall in exercise?
lactic acid
why does the CO2 decrease and O2 increase in exercise?
higher rate of ventilation
what is the name of the cell type that helps coordinate the response to low O2 in the peripheral chemoreceptors?
glomus cells
what is the name of the other cell that helps glomus cells in the peripheral chemoreceptors?
sustentacular cells
what is the main chemical that drives ventilation rates?
PaCO2
if you have an increase in CO2 what happens to ventilation? what about an increase with a decrease in O2?
ventilation will increase
ventilation will increase even more in this case
if you have a decrease in CO2 what happens to ventilation?
ventilation decreases
