Ventilation and Diffusion Flashcards

1
Q

What is atmospheric pressure? (at sea level)

A

760mmHg or 101.325 kPa

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2
Q

What is partial pressure

A

The pressure a gas would exert if it occupied the volume of space on its own

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3
Q

What percentage of the air is nitrogen?

A

78.08% (593mmHg)

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4
Q

What percentage of the air is oxygen?

A

20.95% (159mmHg)

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5
Q

What percentage of air is CO2?

A

0.039% (0.29mmHg)

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6
Q

What will happen to partial pressure when underwater?

A

It will increase the deeper you are

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7
Q

What can be used to replace high levels of oxygen?

A
  • Trimix: nitrogen-oxygen-helium

- Heliox: Oxygen and helium

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8
Q

What does Henry’s law relate to?

A

Gases dissolving into and out of the plasma

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9
Q

How will the gas move if the partial pressure in the liquid is higher than in the air?

A

The gas will move out of the liquid

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10
Q

What is the most soluble gas?

A

CO2

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11
Q

How much more soluble is CO2 in the blood than Oxygen?

A

20x more

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12
Q

How much N2 is in the blood at atmospheric pressure and why?

A

Negligble amounts because it is very poorly soluble

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13
Q

What does the total amount of gas in the liquid include?

A

The amount dissolved in solution plus what is dissolved and chemically bound in solution (e.g bicarbonate)

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14
Q

What differences are there in composition between the atmospheric air and alveolar air?

A
  • O2 is lower (104 mmHg)
  • CO2 is higher (40mmHg)
  • Water vapour is higher
  • Proportion of N2 is lower
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15
Q

What is the water vapour pressure?

A

47 mmHg

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16
Q

What is the rate of diffusion of oxygen proportional to?

A
  • Surface area
  • Solubility
  • Concentration gradient (difference in partial pressure)
  • Inversely to tissue thickness
  • Inversely to sqroot molecular mass
17
Q

What is the surface area of the lungs?

A

50 - 100 m^2

18
Q

How many alveoli are there on average?

A

500 million

19
Q

What is the thickness of the alveoli?

A

0.2 - 0.5 um

20
Q

What is the conc difference of O2 between the venous blood and alveolar air?

A

104 mmHg and 40 mmHg

64 mmHg

21
Q

How quickly does it take at rest for blood to pass through pulmonary capillaries?

A

1 second

22
Q

What is the difference in concentration of PCO2 in alveoli and venous blood?

A
  • 40 mmHg in alveoli

- 45 mmHg in venous blood

23
Q

What must the gas go through in order to reach the blood?

A
  • Must dissolve in aqueous layer
  • Must diffuse across the membrane
  • Must enter the blood
24
Q

What can reduce gas exchange as a result of decreasing surface area?

A

Emphysema

25
Q

What increases the thickness of respiratory membranes which can reduce gas exchange?

A

Pulmonary oedema

26
Q

How does gas move in the tissues?

A
  • Partial pressure gradients are reversed
  • Movement if gases in opposite direction than in the lungs
  • CO2 moves into blood from tissues
  • O2 moves out of blood from tissues
27
Q

How does increased altitude affect the gas exchange?

A
  • PO2 is reduced
  • Increase in release of EPO
  • Hb levels increase
28
Q

How much does atmospheric pressure increase by every 10m in depth?

A

760 mmHg (1 atmosphere)

29
Q

Name some of the problems associated with N2 bubbles?

A
  • Can form lethal emboli
  • Bubbles in the pulmonary circulation
  • In joints - extremely painful
  • In brain - stroke
  • Decompression sickness
30
Q

What can rapid ascension without exhaling cause?

A
  • Atmospheric pressure decreases when coming up to surface
  • Volume of air in lungs increases
  • Causes rupture of alveoli and gas bubbles enter circulation (arterial gas embolism)
  • Usually lodge in cerebral circulation
  • Can cause seizures, fits, unconsciousness etc.