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Physiology 3001 > Allergy and Hypersensitivity > Flashcards

Allergy and Hypersensitivity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of an allergy?

A

Disease following a response by the immune systen to an otherwise innocous antigen

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2
Q

What is the definition of ‘Hypersensitivities’?

A

Harmful immune responses that produce tissue damage

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3
Q

What immune reactant causes a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

IgE

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4
Q

What is the effector mechanism for a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Mast cell activation

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5
Q

What is an example of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Allergy, asthma

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6
Q

What immune reactant is involved in the type 2 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

IgG

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7
Q

What are the five main classes of immunoglobulins?

A
  • IgG
  • IgM
  • IgD
  • IgA
  • IgE
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8
Q

What immunoglobulin has the highest concentration in the bloodstream?

A

IgG

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9
Q

What immunoglobulin has the shortest half-life?

A

IgE (2 days)

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10
Q

What immunoglobulin has the longest half-life?

A

IgG (21 days)

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11
Q

What does IgE trigger?

A

Mast cell degranulation

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12
Q

What cells produce IgE?

A

Plasma B cells in lymph nodes or locally at site of unflammation

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13
Q

What route is thought to favour IgE production?

A

Transmucosal

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14
Q

What do CD4+ T cells do?

A

They produce IL4 cytokines that favour IgE responses

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15
Q

What cells force B cells to switch the isotype of the Ig they secrete from IgM to IgE?

A

Th2 T cells

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16
Q

What are some of the common inhaled allergens?

A
  • Plant pollens
  • Dander of domesticated animals
  • Mold spores
  • Feces of very small animals (e.g house dust mites)
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17
Q

What injected materials are a source of allergy?

A
  • Injected venoms
  • Vaccines
  • Drugs
  • Therapeutic proteins
18
Q

What ingested materials can be a source of allergy?

A
  • Food

- Orally administered drugs

19
Q

What contacred materials can be source of allergy?

A
  • Plant leaves
  • Industria; products made from plants
  • Synthetic chemicals in industrial products
  • Metals
20
Q

What are some of the common features of inhaled allergens?

A
  • Proteins induce T cell responses
  • Allergens are often proteases
  • They often favour IL4 producing CD4 T cells
  • They can diffuse out of particle (highly soluble)
  • They are highly soluble
  • They can survive dessictation (dry) (stable)
21
Q

What is the allergen produced in feces of house dust mites?

A

Der p 1

22
Q

How do Der p 1 allergens work?

A
  • Can cleave tight junctions between epithelial cells in airway, thus enhancing access
  • Der p 1 then taken up by Dendritic cells, presented to T cells which become Th2, and cause B cells to secrete IgE
23
Q

What is the pathway of allergies from when the substance enters to when IgE is produced?

A
  • Crosses lung tissue
  • Antigen presenting cells (APC) e.g dendritic cells or macrophages
  • Processed by by protoletic enzymes typically
  • Presented as antigenic peptides on MHC molecules
  • T cells will be activated and coordinate with B cells the production of IgE
  • IgE binds to mast cells
24
Q

What is the most important factor in what symptoms occur in the allergic reaction?

A

Location and distribution

25
Q

What is the name of the allergic response to inhaled antigens which affect nasal epithelium?

A

Allergic rhinitis

26
Q

What can allergen induced degranulation further down the respiratory tract result in?

A

Allergic asthma

27
Q

What does allergic asthma include?

A
  • Bronchial constriction
  • Increased secretion of fluid and mucus trapping inhaled air
  • ## Chronic inflammation may ensue with presesence of Th2 T cells, eosinophil, neutrophils
28
Q

What causes the second decrease in FEV1 in asthmatics?

A

Influx of inflammatory cells and influx of fluid and therefore oedema

29
Q

What is the first appearence of a skin allergy referred to as?

A

Wheal and Flare, first appearing within a few minutes as a result of vasodilation after Mast cell degranulation, localised redness

30
Q

What happens roughly 8 hours after the ‘wheal and flare’ which is a result of a skin allergy?

A

More diffuse oedema at site due to influx of lymphocytes and other leukocytes, attracted by cytokines

31
Q

What are the two main symptoms of ingested allergens?

A
  • Diarrhea and vomitting
32
Q

What happens if an ingested allegen enters the bloodstream?

A
  • Generalised disseminated rash, Urticaria (hives)

- severe cases life threatening generalised anaphylaxis can occur

33
Q

What do mast cell granules contain?

A
  • Lipids
  • Leukotryienes
  • Histamine
  • Prostaglandins
  • Heparin
34
Q

What cytokines amplify Th2 response?

A

IL-4 and IL-13

35
Q

What chemokine attracts macrophages and neutrophils?

A

MIP-1alpha

36
Q

What are the two main types of treatment of allergies?

A
  • Desensitisation

- Blockade of effector pathways

37
Q

What is the aim of allergy treatments?

A
  • Shift from IgE dominated to IgG dominated
38
Q

What does injecting patients with higher and higher doses of allergen cause?

A

A gradual shift from Th2 to Th1 T cells

39
Q

What is the dosage for adrenaline?

A

0.3mg in adults (0.15 in children)

40
Q

What are the hypotheses for having increased allergy levels in developed countries?

A
  • Exposure to infectious diseases in childhood decreases allergy chances
  • Early childhood exposure to Th1 inducing pathogen may prevent bias towards Th2 responses later decreasing allergy responses
  • Increased pollution levels decrease asthma levels
  • Allergies and athma lower in areas with high helminth burdens
41
Q

What kind of organism is IgE thought to fight against?

A

Helminths

42
Q

Promotion of what type of cells favours IgE response?

A

Th2 T cells

Physiology 3001 (20 decks)

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