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Respiratory Taz > ventilation and compliance > Flashcards

ventilation and compliance Flashcards

1
Q

TV & volume

A

tidal volume - amount breathed in/out of lungs at each breath. 500mL

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2
Q

ERV & volume

A

expiratory reserve volume - can be expelled at the end of normal inspiration. 1100mL

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3
Q

IRV & volume

A

maximum air that can be inhaled at the end of normal inspiration. 3000mL

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4
Q

RV & volume

A

Reserve volume - volume in lungs that you can’t expel. 1200mL

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5
Q

VC & volume

A

Vital capacity - Everything except Residual volume (so the maximum you can breath in or out) 4600mL

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6
Q

TLC & volume

A

Total Lung Capacity - Everything - including the residual volume.

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7
Q

IC & Volume

A

inspiration capacity - Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume. 3500mL

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8
Q

FRC & Volume

A

Functional Residual Capacity. Expiratory reserve volume +Residual volume. 3300mL

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9
Q

Which is the important thing - tidal volume or respiratory rate?

A

Tidal volume

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10
Q

What is FEV1 ?

A

Forced expiratory volume in 1 minute.

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11
Q

What is ventilation and what is it measured in?

A

Movement of air in and out of the lungs (L/min)

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12
Q

what is pulmonary (minute) ventilation? Is it clinically significant or insignificant?

A

Movement of air in/out of lungs - insignificant.

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13
Q

What is alveolar ventilation? Is it clinically significant or insignificant?

A

Fresh air that gets into the alveoli that is available for gas exchange - much more clinically significant.

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14
Q

when you expire, how much stale air leaves the body?

A

350ml of stale air (air that has undergone gas exchange). This is because the first 150ml to leave is dead space air.

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15
Q

When you inhale, how much fresh air enters your lungs?

A

only 350ml. This is because 150ml of ‘stale air’ enters first, from the previous expiration. Breathing is only 70% effective.

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16
Q

What is a partial pressure? What is it measured in?

A

The percentage of a particular gas in an entire mixture. mmHg or kPa

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17
Q

what is atmospheric pressure?

A

760mmHg / 101kP

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18
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric pressure?

A

160mmHg / 21 kP

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19
Q

what is the normal value for alveolar ventilation for P02 and PC02?

A

Po2 - 13.3kPa

pCo2-5.3kPa

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20
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

Reduces surface tension on the alveolar membrane so reduces the tendency for the alveoli to collapse.

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21
Q

Why does surface tension occur?

A

Water molecules being attracted to each other, cause an inwards force.

22
Q

Why is saline (in utero) easier to breath in and out of lungs?

A

You do not need to overcome surface tension.

23
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

Stretchability of the lung - the amount the volume of the lung will change in response to a change in pressure.

24
Q

What does a high compliance mean?

A

A large change in volume in response to a small change in pressure. (all about inhalation not exhalation)

25
Q

On a graph, does a steeper curve mean higher or lower compliance?

A

higher

26
Q

Why is breathing at the beginning of inhalation more difficult/more - pressure?

A

You must fill the collapsed alveoli to begin, which involves overcoming surface tension.

27
Q

Why is compliance greatest at the bottom of the lung rather than the top?

A

because the weight of gravity is heavy on the alveoli at the bottom of the lung, the oxygen is fully forced out of them, so it can be filled more (top of lung - not much weight - always got o2 - so not much change when you breath in)

28
Q

Does a small change in intrapleural pressure have a bigger effect at the top or the bottom of the lung?

A

Bottom

29
Q

What is obstructive lung disease?

A

Obstruction of the airflow, usually expiration. Increased airway resistance.

30
Q

What is restrictive lung disease?

A

Restriction of lung expansion. Loss of lung compliance & incomplete expansion.

31
Q

Give some examples of obstructive lung disease.

A

Asthma
COPD
Chronic bronchitis (inflammation of bronchi)
Emphysema ( destruction of alveoli - less elascity)

32
Q

Give some examples of restrictive lung disease.

A

Fibrosis - excessive connective tissue.
Infant respiratory distress syndrome - insufficient surfactant production.
Oedema - build up of fluid around alveoli
Pneumothorax - air in the pleural cavity.

33
Q

explain static spirometry.

A

Considers volume exhaled.

34
Q

Explain dynamic spirometry.

A

Measures the time taken to exhale the volume.

35
Q

What lung volumes can spirometry not measure?

A

Total lung volume, residual volume and functional residual capacity.

36
Q

what does FEV1/FVC equal?

A

5L/4L = 80%

37
Q

What is FEV1?

A

Forced expiratory volume in one second

38
Q

What is FVC?

A

Forced vital capacity (all you can forcibly expire)

39
Q

how does obstructive lung disease affect FEV1/FVC?

A

both are reduced, but FEV1 is reduced more, so ratio goes from around 80% to 40%

40
Q

How does restrictive lung disease affect FEV1/FVC?

A

It doesn’t.. Both values reduce but the ratio remains the same. So this test is sometimes not very indicative to health.

41
Q

What is forced expiratory flow measurement?

A

A bit different to spirometry - they measure the amount you expire over midpoint of expiration. More striking change, but wider range for ‘normal’

42
Q

How much air is usually in the anatomical dead space?

A

150ml

43
Q

How does pulmonary ventilation change in someone panicking or someone very relaxed?

A

IT DOESNT

44
Q

How does alveolar ventilation change in someone who is panicking?

A

It decreases - hypoventilation

45
Q

How does alveolar ventilation change in someone who is very relaxed?

A

it increases - hyperventilating

46
Q

What does dalton’s law state?

A

The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases.

47
Q

How does hypoventilation affect co2 and 02 partial pressures?

A

Increases co2, decreases 02

48
Q

How does hyperventilation affect co2 and o2 partial pressures?

A

increases o2, decreases co2

49
Q

Do our bodies respond to an increase in co2 or a decrease in o2 ?

A

an increase in co2

50
Q

Do restrictive lung diseases affect inspiration or expiration more?

A

Inspiration

Respiratory Taz (9 decks)

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