Developmental aspects of Lung Disease

Question 1

when does embryonic morphogenesis occur?

Answer 1

3 - 8 weeks

Question 2

When is the trachea developed as an offshoot from the primitive foregut?

Answer 2

embryonic morphogenesis

Question 3

during embryonic morphogenesis, do the lungs secrete or absorb liquid?

Answer 3

They secrete liquid, which is a major component of the amniotic fluid including urine.

Question 4

When does pseudo - glandular morphogenesis occur?

Answer 4

5 -17 weeks

Question 5

What occurs during pseudo- glandular morphogenesis?

Answer 5

Continued formation of major airways
Budding out - the bronchi start to form a few branches.
Lobes of lung form.
Primitive tubules form.

Question 6

When does canalicular morphogenesis occur?

Answer 6

16 - 26 weeks

Question 7

When is gas exchange made possible during development of embryo (life outside uterus is possible)?

Answer 7

canalicular morphogenesis

Question 8

What occurs during canalicular morphogenesis?

Answer 8

Epithelial differentiation

acini begin to form (wee sac like cavities). Gas exchange becomes possible as the airway in thinner and more spongey

Question 9

When does saccular morphogenesis occur?

Answer 9

24 - 36 weeks

Question 10

What occurs during saccular morphogenesis?

Answer 10

more acini formed which bud into alveoli.

Question 11

When does alveolar morphogenesis occur?

Answer 11

36 weeks to 3 years

Question 12

What occurs during alveolar morphogenesis ?

Answer 12

Your alveoli keep getting formed. After this, they only grow.

Question 13

When is the air-blood barrier formed? What is it?

Answer 13

Canalicular period. alveolar capillary - stops air bubbles going into blood.

Question 14

When does surfactant production occur?

Answer 14

From saccular period until birth - more after birth.

Question 15

When does the embryonic period become the fetal period?

Answer 15

About a third through the pseudo glandular stage.

Question 16

When do the lungs go from fluid excreting to fluid absorbing?

Answer 16

Birth - the first few breaths.

Question 17

When does the diaphragm close?? (the separate tissues growing, meeting in the middle and fusing)

Answer 17

around 18 weeks.

Question 18

Name 3 embryonic period abnormalities.

Answer 18

Tracheal and laryngeal stenosis (narrowing - short or long segment) 
Pulmonary genesis (absence of lung lobe or bronchi) 
Trachea-Oesophageal fistula

Question 19

what is pulmonary sequestration?

Answer 19

Extra bit of lung in the wrong place

Question 20

What is cystadenomatoid malformation?

Answer 20

a type of malformation of airways.

Question 21

What will a diaphragmatic hernia do?

Answer 21

bowel migrates up to chest. Its more common in the left lung - and will make the left lung underdeveloped.

Question 22

What is eventuation? is it that dangerous?

Answer 22

weak diaphragm, slight bulge in some areas, not that dangerous.

Question 23

What is transient tachypnea?

Answer 23

‘wet lung’ - difficulty absorbing fluid which makes it hard to breath for the baby

Question 24

What is Infant respiratory distress syndrome?

Answer 24

Insufficient surfactant production

Question 25

How can IRDS be treated?

Answer 25

oxygen, surfactant replacement, mechanical ventilation etc.

Question 26

what can chronic neonatal lung disease (e.g BPD/CLPD) cause?

Answer 26

Bad bronchiolitis, asthma and future COPD.

Question 27

how can antenatal in utero nicotine exposure affect babies?

Answer 27

Restrict the size of airway growth.

Question 28

what other antenatal factors can affect the babies life?

Answer 28

Low birth weight, lack of nutrition, being born prematurely.

Question 29

What most natal factors can affect a babies life?

Answer 29

Infection, pollution, lack of vitamins etc.

Question 30

what is tracking?

Answer 30

Recording the change of pulmonary function over the course of someones life.

Question 31

What increases the risk of COPD?

Answer 31

Low lung function track throughout life (e.g low FEV1)

Question 32

Explain remodelling of the airway/lung parenchyma

Answer 32

changes in functional tissue of an organ. could be good or bad. Due to things such as antenatal programming, environmental exposure, gene interactions etc.