Ventilation and Circulation Flashcards
Define External Respiration
Delivery of O2 from the air to tissues and removal of CO2 from tissues into the air
Part of external respiration. Inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and the lungs
Pulmonary Ventilation
Alveolar ventilation
Part of external respiration. Gas exchange at the alveolar-pulmonary capillary interface
How is O2 and Co2 transported to/from the tissues
Bound to Hb in blood
Hypoxia
Poor O2 delivery/oxygenation of the tissues
Hypoxemia
- Low arterial O2 (low PaO2)
Hypercapnia
High arterial CO2 (High PaCO2)
Hypocapnia
Low arterial CO2 (Low PaCO2)
Apnea
Suspension/cessation of breathing
Dyspnea
Difficulty breathing or the sensation of difficulty breathing
Pip
Intra-pleural pressure
Palv
Intra-alveolar pressure
Ptp
Trans-pulmonary pressure
Patm
Atmospheric pressure
4 components of the upper respiratory tract and the function of each component
- Nose and nasal cavity - warming, filtration, moistening of air
- Oral cavity - warming, moistening of air
- Pharynx (naso, oral, laryngo) - passageway/air conduction, filtration, prevention of food movement into trachea (epiglottis)
- Larynx - passage way/air conduction, phonation (glottis)
Epiglottis function and structure
`elevates and inverts during swallow to protect airway from food/foreign bodies
cartilaginous, base anchored to thyroid cartilage, extends superiorly into laryngopharynx
When is the glottis open? Function?
Open always - allows air passage
Five components of the lower respiratory tract
Trachea Mainstem bronchi (R and L) Secondary and Tertiary bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
Is blood in the right heart oxygenated or deoxygenated?
Deoxygenated
Is blood in the left heart oxygenated or deoxygenated?
Oxygenated
What are three functions of the thorax/chest wall
Protection of vital structures (bony cage)
Maintenance of posture
Mechanical facilitation of breathing/respiration
What is the function of the external intercostal muscles and inter-cartilaginous portions of the internal intercostal muscles?
Elevate the ribs during inspiration, enlarging the rib cage.
What is the function of internal intercostal muscles?
Bring ribs down during forced expiration, decreasing the thoracic capacity
What muscles are involved in quiet breathing
Diaphragm - inspiration only.
Expiration is passive
What muscles are involved in forced breathing
Inspiration: accessory neck muscles (scalenes, SCMs)
Expiration: internal intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles
What does spirometry define
Lung capacity
What causes pneumothorax
Air in pleural space leads to lost vacuum, there is no difference in transpulmonary pressure, so the lung collapses
Transpulmonary pressure is the difference between…
Intrapleural (interstitial) pressure and intra-alveolar pressure
Define compliance
Stretchability
What causes inspiration to stop at maximum inspiration
Lung and chest wall compliances reach limits
What causes expiration to stop at maximum expiration
Chest wall compliance reaches limit
Define elasticity
Tendency to recoil
Name 2 fibrous contributors to lung elasticity
Collagen and elastin fibers
What causes surface tension of alveoli?
Alveoli are lined with a fluid layer which create surface tension from H2O interactions.
How is surface tension contributory to compliance/lung elasticity
Decreases lung compliance.
Role of surfactant ?
Improve lung compliance.
Why is lung compliance higher in patients with COPD?
Chronic immune response in patients with COPD results in destruction of alveolar walls (less collagen and elastin), increasing lung compliance in these patients
At rest, is intrapleural pressure positive or negative compared to atmospheric pressure
Negative
Why does air move into the alveoli during inspiration
Slight negative alveolar pressure
Minute ventilation is equal to: A) FiO2 X PEEP B) FiO2/PEEP C) Tidal Volume X Respiratory Rate D) Tidal Volume/Respiratory Rate
C) Tidal Volume X Respiratory Rate
Which of the following structures is not part of the bronchial tree? A) alveoli B) bronchi C) terminal bronchioles D) respiratory bronchioles
C) terminal bronchioles
What is the role of alveolar macrophages? A) to secrete pulmonary surfactant B) to secrete antimicrobial proteins C) to remove pathogens and debris D) to facilitate gas exchange
C) to remove pathogens and debris
Which of the following structures separates the lung into lobes? A) mediastinum B) fissure C) root D) pleura
B) fissure
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ circulation picks up oxygen for cellular use and drops off carbon dioxide for removal from the body. A) pulmonary B) interlobular C) respiratory D) bronchial
C) respiratory
The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of two layers, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) visceral and parietal pleurae. B) mediastinum and parietal pleurae. C) visceral and mediastinum pleurae. D) none of the above
A) visceral and parietal pleurae.
Which of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in? A) pulmonary ventilation B) production of pulmonary surfactant C) resistance D) surface tension
A) pulmonary ventilation
A decrease in volume leads to a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pressure. A) decrease in B) equalization of C) increase in D) zero
C) increase in
The pressure difference between the intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) atmospheric pressure B) pulmonary pressure C) negative pressure D) transpulmonary pressure
D) transpulmonary pressure
Gas flow decreases as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ increases. A) resistance B) pressure C) airway diameter D) friction
A) resistance
Contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes which of the following to occur?
A) The diaphragm moves downward.
B) The rib cage is compressed.
C) The thoracic cavity volume decreases.
D) The ribs and sternum move upward.
D) The ribs and sternum move upward.
Which of the following prevents the alveoli from collapsing? A) residual volume B) tidal volume C) expiratory reserve volume D) inspiratory reserve volume
A) residual volume
Gas moves from an area of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ partial pressure to an area of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ partial pressure. A) low; high B) low; low C) high; high D) high; low
D) high; low
When ventilation is not sufficient, which of the following occurs?
A) The capillary constricts.
B) The capillary dilates.
C) The partial pressure of oxygen in the affected alveolus increases.
D) The bronchioles dilate.
A) The capillary constricts.
Gas exchange that occurs at the level of the tissues is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) external respiration B) interpulmonary respiration C) internal respiration D) pulmonary ventilation
C) internal respiration
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 45 mm Hg in the blood and 40 mm Hg in the alveoli. What happens to the carbon dioxide?
A) It diffuses into the blood.
B) It diffuses into the alveoli.
C) The gradient is too small for carbon dioxide to diffuse.
D) It decomposes into carbon and oxygen.
B) It diffuses into the alveoli.
Oxyhemoglobin forms by a chemical reaction between which of the following?
A) hemoglobin and carbon dioxide
B) carbonic anhydrase and carbon dioxide
C) hemoglobin and oxygen
D) carbonic anhydrase and oxygen
C) hemoglobin and oxygen
Which of the following factors play a role in the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation/dissociation curve? A) temperature B) pH C) BPG D) all of the above
D) all of the above
Which of the following occurs during the chloride shift?
A) Chloride is removed from the erythrocyte.
B) Chloride is exchanged for bicarbonate.
C) Bicarbonate is removed from the erythrocyte.
D) Bicarbonate is removed from the blood.
B) Chloride is exchanged for bicarbonate.
A low partial pressure of oxygen promotes hemoglobin binding to carbon dioxide. This is an example of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) Haldane effect B) Bohr effect C) Dalton's law D) Henry's law
A) Haldane effect
Increased ventilation that results in an increase in blood pH is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) hyperventilation B) hyperpnea C) acclimatization D) apnea
Answer:
A) hyperventilation
Which of the following stimulates the production of erythrocytes? A) AMS B) high blood levels of carbon dioxide C) low atmospheric pressure D) erythropoietin
D) erythropoietin
What happens to the fluid that remains in the lungs after birth?
A) It reduces the surface tension of the alveoli.
B) It is expelled shortly after birth.
C) It is absorbed shortly after birth.
D) It lubricates the pleurae.
It is absorbed shortly after birth
The production of healthy erythrocytes depends upon the availability of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) copper B) zinc C) vitamin B12 D) copper, zinc, and vitamin B12
D) copper, zinc, and vitamin B12
Aging and damaged erythrocytes are removed from the circulation by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) myeoblasts B) monocytes C) macrophages D) mast cells
C) macrophages
A patient has been suffering for 2 months with a chronic, watery diarrhea. A blood test is likely to reveal \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) a hematocrit below 30 percent B) hypoxemia C) anemia D) polycythemia
D) polycythemia
Thrombocytes are more accurately called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) clotting factors B) megakaryoblasts C) megakaryocytes D) platelets
D) platelets
The myocardium would be the thickest in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) left atrium B) left ventricle C) right atrium D) right ventricle
B) Left Ventricle
In which septum is it normal to find openings in the adult? A) interatrial septum B) interventricular septum C) atrioventricular septum D) all of the above
C) atrioventricular septum
Which of the following is unique to cardiac muscle cells?
A) Only cardiac muscle contains a sarcoplasmic reticulum.
B) Only cardiac muscle has gap junctions.
C) Only cardiac muscle is capable of autorhythmicity
D) Only cardiac muscle has a high concentration of mitochondria.
C) Only cardiac muscle is capable of autorhythmicity
Which portion of the ECG corresponds to repolarization of the atria?
A) P wave
B) QRS complex
C) T wave
D) none of the above: atrial repolarization is masked by ventricular depolarization
D) none of the above: atrial repolarization is masked by ventricular depolarization
Which component of the heart conduction system would have the slowest rate of firing? A) atrioventricular node B) atrioventricular bundle C) bundle branches D) Purkinje fibers
D) Purkinje fibers
The cardiac cycle consists of a distinct relaxation and contraction phase. Which term is typically used to refer ventricular contraction while no blood is being ejected? A) systole B) diastole C) quiescent D) isovolumic contraction
D) isovolumic contraction
Most blood enters the ventricle during \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) atrial systole B) atrial diastole C) ventricular systole D) isovolumic contraction
B) atrial diastole
The first heart sound represents which portion of the cardiac cycle?
A) atrial systole
B) ventricular systole
C) closing of the atrioventricular valves
D) closing of the semilunar valves
C) closing of the atrioventricular valves
Ventricular relaxation immediately follows \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) atrial depolarization B) ventricular repolarization C) ventricular depolarization D) atrial repolarization
B) ventricular repolarization
The force the heart must overcome to pump blood is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) preload B) afterload C) cardiac output D) stroke volume
B) afterload
The cardiovascular centers are located in which area of the brain? A) medulla oblongata B) pons C) mesencephalon (midbrain) D) cerebrum
A) medulla oblongata
In a healthy young adult, what happens to cardiac output when heart rate increases above 160 bpm? A) It increases. B) It decreases. C) It remains constant. D) There is no way to predict.
B) It decreases.
What happens to preload when there is venous constriction in the veins? A) It increases. B) It decreases. C) It remains constant. D) There is no way to predict.
B) It decreases.
