Growth and Reproduction Flashcards
What structure is immediately anterior to the uterus: A) Urinary bladder B) Rectum C) Small intestine D) Ureter
A- Urinary Bladder
In which of the following structures does spermatogenesis occur? A) Epididymis B) Seminiferous tubules C) Seminal vesicles D) Vas deferens
B) Seminiferous Tubules
During which phase of meiosis does chromosomal crossover occur? A) Metaphase 1 B) Anaphase 1 C) Metaphase 2 D) Anaphase 2
A) Metaphase 1
During ovulation, which of the following is true?
A) GnRH levels are high, LH levels are high, Oestrogen levels are low
B) GnRH levels are low, LH levels are low, Oestrogen levels are high
C) GnRH levels are high, LH levels are high, Progesterone levels are low
D) GnRH levels are high, LH levels are high, Progesterone levels are high
C) GnRH levels are high, LH levels are high, Progesterone levels are low
Which of the following statements is true of hCG?
A) hCG is produced by the corpus luteum
B) hCG levels peak within three weeks after fertilization
C) hCG exerts a similar effect to the gonadotropins on oestrogen and progesterone
D) A spike in hCG levels triggers menstruation
E) A spike in hCG levels triggers ovulation
C) hCG exerts a similar effect to the gonadotropins on oestrogen and progesterone
Which one of the following statements regarding hCG function is correct?
A) It increases to high levels near birth, helping initiate the birth process
B) It inhibits production of oestrogen and progesterone by the ovary
C) It signals the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone
D) It stimulates the production of FSH by the pituitary gland
C) It signals the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone
Which structure normally prevents improper implantation? A) Amniotic fluid B) Endometrium C) Inner cell mass D) Trophoblast E) Yolk sac F) Zona pellucida
F) Zona pellucida
Which germ layer gives rise to heart development?
A) Ectoderm
B) Endoderm
C) Mesoderm
C) Mesoderm
Which of the following hormone concentration changes occurs shortly prior to labour? A) CRH decreases B) CRH increases C) Progesterone increases D) Oestrogen decreases
B) CRH increases
What treatment could have prevented Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome? A) Oestrogen B) Progesterone C) DHEA D) Cortisol
D) Cortisol
Which of the menstrual cycle hormone have a rare positive feedback effect? A) LH B) FSH C) GnRH D) Oestrogen E) Progesterone
D) Oestrogen
Activation of cAMP is mediated by what factor? A) Alpha B) Adenlyl cyclase C) SOS D) Phosphodiesterase E) PKA
B) Adenyl Cyclase
What is the secondary messenger of Gαs? A) Alpha unit B) Calcium C) gAMP D) Ras E) cAMP
E) cAMP
What is the secondary messenger of Gαq? A) SOS B) Calcium C) DAG D) Ras E) PIP2
C) DAG
- A 22 year old woman has failed to conceive with her 24 year old partner despite regular unprotected intercourse over the past 2 years. Her GP obtains a serum hormone profile. The following results are received:
Progesterone: 7 times normal basal concentration
Oestradiol: 3 times normal basal concentration
FSH and LH: at basal concentrations
Of which phase of ovulation is this hormone profile most characteristic?
A. Corpus albicans stage B. Early antrum formation C. Mature corpus luteum stage D. Mature follicle development E. Ovulation
Answer: C
Learning point: The ovulatory cycle
- A pregnant woman has her first ultrasound scan at 18 weeks gestation. The scan is performed and the results look normal.
What stage of intrauterine development is her baby in?
A. Blastocyst formation B. Early organogenesis C. Gastrulation D. Maturation E. Morula formation
Answer: D
Learning point: Fetal development
What cell type divides by meiosis?
A. Germ B. Lymphoid C. Myeloid D. Neuroendocrine E. Stem
Answer: A
Learning point: the cell cycle
- Gland X produces a trophic hormone A which stimulates target gland Y to produce hormone B. A patient develops resistance to hormone A because of a receptor defect in target gland Y.
What hormone levels would you expect to find?
A. High A and high B B. High A and low B C. Low A and high B D. Low A and low B E. Normal A and normal B
Answer: B
Learning point: cell signaling cascades
A 16 y/o boy hasnt gone through puberty yet. The stimulation of which process is the primary physiological effect of the hormone in this case?
A. Development of secondary sexual characteristics
B. Follicle development
C. Growth of the long bones
D. Pulsatile release of gonadotrophin releasing hormone
E. Spermatogenesis
Answer: E
Learning point: pubertal development, gametogenesis
Which processes are most important for generating variability?
A. Chiasma formation and point mutation
B. DNA damage repair and chromosome segregation
C. Metaphase and aneuploidy
D. Recombination and random assortment of chromosomes
E. Spindle fibre formation and DNA deletion
Answer: D
Learning point: gametogenesis
- During the menstrual cycle the levels of gonadotrophins vary in order to achieve ovulation. The main stimulus for ovulation is the LH surge.
Positive feedback on the hypothalamus by which hormone triggers this?
A. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) B. Inhibin C. Oestrogen D. Oxytocin E. Progesterone
Answer: C
Learning point: Feedback loops, HPG axis
Describe the action potential of pacemaker cells
The SAN has an unstable resting potential, due to the slow inward sodium and calcium potentials.
These gradually depolarise the cells, and this with the potassium current reduction, causes the threshold to be reached.
They don’t have voltage gated sodium channels, and so the depolarisation is solely due to the influx of calcium.
Identify how a pacemaker potential is altered by both parasympathetic and sympathetic neurones.
The right vagus nerve is connected to the SAN, and reduces the firing rate of the pacemaker cells (takes longer to reach the threshold).
The sympathetic nerves (T1-T5) cause an increase in the firing rate of the pacemaker cells.
Provide an overview of the menstrual cycle in regard to the fluctuations of hormones
- GnRH is released from the hypothalamus
- This stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release FSH and LH
- FSH & LH binds to the ovaries, where it develops the ovarian follicles and stimulates oestrogen secretion
- Inhibin decreases FSH levels
- High oestrogen levels causes a positive feedback loop
- LH then spikes and causes ovulation of the now mature follicle
- It then causes the conversion of the Graafian follicle into the corpus luteum
- The corpus luteum produces progesterone, which readies the endometrium for implantation
- Progesterone increases FSH and decreases LH and GnRH
- Progesterone and Oestrogen levels fall when no implantation occurs
- The cycle repeats again
Which type of cell signalling best refers to signalling between another local cell? A) Autocrine B) Paracrine C) Endocrine D) Localised
B) Paracrine
Which of these best describe a steroid hormone: A) Binds to cell surface receptors B) Hydrophillic C) Produced in the liver D) Lipophillic
D) Lipophillic
Which of these hormones is not produced by the Anterior Pituitary Gland? A) ACTH B) LH C) ADH D) FSH
C) ADH/Vasopression
Which phase is when ovulation occurs? A)Follicular Phase B)Late-Follicular Phase C)Luteal Phase D)Uterine Phase
B) Late-Follicular
Why would the corpus luteum degenerate? A) Fertilisation occurs B) Fertilisation does not occur C) Miscarriage D) For birth of the baby
B) Fertilisation does not occur
Which hormone does the corpus luteum release? A) GnRH B) Progesterone C) Renin D) ADH
B) Progesterone
What effect does progesterone have on the endometrium?
A) Thickens it
B) Thins it
C) No effect
A) Thickens it
Which of these is not an effect of oestrogen?
A) promotion of gap junctions between myometrial cells
B) Increases prostaglandin production
C) Makes endometrium sensitive to oxytocin
D) Promotes mammary duct development
C) Makes endometrium sensitive to oxytocin
Which of these is not an effect of hCG? A) Corpus luteal progesterone production B) Angiogenesis of uterine vasculature C) Development/Growth of uterus during pregnancy D) Inhibition of LH
D) Inhibition of LH
Which hormone is involved in a positive feedback loop during labour? A) Oxytocin B) ATCH C) hCG D) Progesterone
A) Oxytocin
Hypothetically, if a fetus missed out week 7/8 of development, what would they be missing when born? A) Brain waves, haemotopoesis, Fingers B) Eyes blinking, taste buds C) Toes, Eyelids and Ears D) Lung surfactant
C) Toes, Eyelids and Ears
What is the third week of foetal development? A) Maturation B) Neurulation C) Implantation D) Gastrulation
D) Gastrulation
Which of these is not present in the mesoderm? A) Skin B) Heart C) Bones D) Kidneys
A) Skin
Which of these is present in the ectoderm? A) Lungs B) Heart C) Eyes D) Bladder
C) Eyes
Which order is the steps of neurulation?
A) neural plate- neural crest- ectoderm- epidermis
B) neural crest- neural plate- ectoderm- epidermis
C) neural plate- neural crest- epidermis- ectoderm
D) neural crest- neural plate- endoderm- ectoderm
A) neural plate- neural crest- ectoderm- epidermis
Which hormone does a pregnancy test rely on the presence of? A) progesterone B) oestrogen C) hCG D) GnRH
C) hCG
If there are two lines present on a pregnancy test, is the lady pregnant or not pregnant?
Pregnant
Which cells in the testes produce testosterone? A) Seminiferous B) Sertoli C) Leydig D) Acinar
C) Leydig
Which of these is not a type of receptor? A) GPCR B) Enzyme linked C) Intracellular D) Channel
D) Channel
What is the specific role of g-alpha q? A) increase adenyl cyclase B) decrease cAMP C) increase Ca2+ D) increase cAMP
C) increase Ca2+
What is the specific role of g-alpha s? A) decrease adenyl cyclase B) decrease cAMP C) increase Ca2+ D) increase cAMP
D) increase cAMP
What is the specific role of g-alpha i? A) increase adenyl cyclase B) decrease cAMP C) increase Ca2+ D) increase cAMP
B) decrease cAMP
What are the points of the cell cycle that check for mistakes? A) check points B) filter sites C) regulation points D) restriction points
D) restriction points
What is the order of the cell cycle? A) G1, M, G2, S B) G2, M, S, G1 C) G1, S, G2, M D) G2, G1, S, M
C) G1, S, G2, M
Fill in the blank: When ------- binds to CDK, it phosphorylates ------ and moves away from E2F. (Cell Cycle) A) Cyclin A, Rb B) Cyclin D, Hb C) Cyclin D, Rb D) P53, Rb
C) Cyclin D, Rb
What causes apoptosis in the presence of DNA damage in the cell cycle? A) Rb B) Cyclin D C) E2F D) P53
D) P53
