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Bio L6 (5) Oxygen and carbon dioxide: gas exchange and transport > Ventilation > Flashcards

Ventilation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is inspiration?

A

When the pressure of air outside the body is greater than the pressure inside the lungs, causing air to move into the lungs.

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2
Q

What are the two parts of ventilation?

A

Inspiration and Exhalation.

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3
Q

What causes inspiration and exhalation?

A

Pressure differences between the lungs and environmental air.

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4
Q

What causes exhalation?

A

When the pressure of air outside the body is lesser than the pressure inside the lungs.

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5
Q

What are the three muscles used in ventilation?

A
  • Diaphragm,
  • Internal intercostals,
  • External intercostals.
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6
Q

What causes inspiration?

A

When the pressure of air outside the body is greater than the pressure inside the lungs.

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7
Q

What is the diagphragm?

A

It separates the thorax from the abdomen, it contracts and relaxes to alter the volume of the thoracic cavity to change the pressure inside.

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8
Q

What is exhalation?

A

When the pressure of air outside the body is lesser than the pressure inside the lungs, causing air to move out of the lungs.

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9
Q

Is inspiration or expiration a passive process?

A

Inspiration.

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10
Q

Explain the process of inspiration:

A
  • External intercostals contract,
  • Ribs are drawn down and in,
  • Diaphragm relaxes (arches up),
  • Thorax volume decreases and lung pressure increases,
  • Atmospheric pressure < lung pressure,
  • Air rushes out of lungs.
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11
Q

What is the pressure difference between the atmospheric pressure and lung pressure during inspiration?

A

Atmospheric pressure < Lung pressure.

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12
Q

Inspiration involves the contraction of which muscles?

A

External intercostals and the diaphragm.

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13
Q

Is inspiration or expiration an active process?

A

Expiration.

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14
Q

What is the pressure difference between the atmospheric pressure and lung pressure during expiration?

A

Atmospheric pressure > Lung pressure.

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15
Q

What are the internal intercostals?

A

Contraction leads to expiration due to the decreased size of the thoracic cavity.

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16
Q

Contraction of the internal intercostals leads to what happening to the ribs?

A

The ribs are pulled upwards and outwards.

17
Q

Contraction of the external intercostals leads to what happening to the ribs?

A

The ribs are drawn down and in.

18
Q

Explain the process of expiration:

A
  • Internal intercostals contract,
  • Ribs are pulled upwards and outwards,
  • Diaphragm contracts (flattens),
  • Thorax volume increases and lung pressure decreases,
  • Atmospheric pressure > lung pressure,
  • Air rushes into lungs.
19
Q

Expiration involves the contraction of which muscles?

A

Internal intercostals.

20
Q

What are the external intercostals?

A

Contraction leads to inspiration due to the increased size of the thoracic cavity.

21
Q

During which process does the diaphragm contract?

A

Inspiration.

22
Q

How are lung volumes measured?

A

Spirometer.

23
Q

What is the equation for pulmonary ventilation rate?

A

Pulmonary ventilation rate = Tidal volume x Breathing.

24
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Volume that enters and leaves with each breath, from a normal quiet inspiration to a normal quiet expiration.

25
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Extra volume that can be expired below tidal volume, from normal quiet expiration to maximum expiration.

26
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Extra volume that can be inspired above tidal volume, from normal quiet inspiration to maximum inspiration.

27
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The total amount of air exhaled after maximal expiration.

28
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The total amount of air exhaled after maximal inspiration.

29
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Volume remaining after maximum expiration.

30
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

Volume of air in lungs after maximum inspiration.

31
Q

Where is the respiratory centres found?

A

The hindbrain (medulla oblongarta).

32
Q

What is the role of the medulla oblongarta?

A

It controls the rate and depth of breathing.

33
Q

What modifies the rhythm of breathing in the medulla oblongarta?

A

Information from stretch receptors in the bronchi and chemoreceptors.

34
Q

Why can the internal and external intercostal muscles be called antagonistic?

A

Because whilst one contracts the other rests and vice-versa.

35
Q

Why is inspiration an active process?

A

It requires energy.

36
Q

Why is expiration a passive process?

A

It does not require energy.

Bio L6 (5) Oxygen and carbon dioxide: gas exchange and transport (8 decks)

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