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Bio L6 (5) Oxygen and carbon dioxide: gas exchange and transport > Gas Exchange: Fish > Flashcards

Gas Exchange: Fish Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of circulatory system does a fish have?

A

A single circulatory system.

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2
Q

Why do fish only need a single circulatory system rather than a double circulatory system?

A

They are less active than other animals so do not require oxygen at as great a rate.

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3
Q

The single circulatory system is a simple loop, what is the direction of blood flow in this circuit?

A

Heart > Gills > Body > Heart.

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4
Q

What limits the rate of blood flow in the fish’s circulatory system?

A

The delicate nature of the blood capillaries in the gills.

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5
Q

What happens to the pressure of blood as it leaves the gills?

A

It decreases dramatically.

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6
Q

What is the structure of the fish’s heart?

A

It has only one atria and one ventricle.

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7
Q

Where is blood oxygenated in the fish?

A

The gills.

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8
Q

Where is blood circulated in the fish?

A

The heart.

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9
Q

What does it mean that fish have a single circulatory system?

A

Blood flows through the heart only once for each complete circuit of the body.

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10
Q

How does blood enter and leave the heart?

A

Enters through the atria and leaves through the ventricle (it is always de-oxygenated).

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11
Q

Why cannot the fish’s gills tolerate a large air pressure?

A

Because they have a thin membrane to ensure a small diffusion distance, lots of pressure on the thin membrane will break it.

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12
Q

Gas exchange occurs in fish via the _____.

A

Gills.

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13
Q

What is important about the direction of water flow and direction of blood flow in a fish?

A

They are opposite to each other (countercurrent).

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14
Q

How is a countercurrent flow ensured?

A

Through the structure of the gill filaments and lamellae.

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15
Q

What is the significance of the countercurrent flow?

A

It maintains a concentration gradient throughout the module.

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16
Q

What are the many protrusions on a gill filament called?

A

gill lamellae.

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17
Q

What supports the folds of the gills and maintains their moisture?

A

The water that is continuously pumped through the mouth over the gills.

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18
Q

How are the gills adapted to increase surface area?

A

The gill filaments are at right angles to the gill lamellae.

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19
Q

How are the gills adapted to maintain a large concentration gradient?

A

The filaments have a dense capillary network.

20
Q

What does it mean that the fish has a countercurrent flow?

A

The direction of blood and the direction of water are in opposite directions.

21
Q

How are the gills adapted to provide a short diffusion distance?

A

The gill lamellae and filaments are thin.

22
Q

Compare the efficiency of a concurrent and countercurrent flow:

A

A countercurrent flow extracts oxygen at three times the rate of a concurrent flow.

23
Q

Suggest why the fish need a high adaptive gas exchange system:

A

Because the oxygen concentration in water is much less than in air.

24
Q

What is special about cartilaginous fish?

A

They have no opercula and have to swim the whole time to circulate water through the gills and stop them from sticking.

25
Q

What feature of a fish allows them to maintain a flow of water even when stationary?

A

Operculum.

26
Q

Why is a countercurrent flow efficient in extracting oxygen?

A

Because it ensures there is a concentration gradient through the whole diffusion pathway.

27
Q

Diffusion in water is slow, how do the gills overcome this?

A

The gill filaments overlap which causes resistance to water flow which slows down the stream, allowing more time for diffusion.

28
Q

What would happen if the fish’s gill filaments were stuck together?

A

The exposed surface area would not be large enough.

29
Q

Given that water often has less than 5% of the oxygen concentration in air, how do aquatic animals ensure they get enough for aerobic respiration?

A

They must pass extremely large volumes of water over the gas exchange surface than the volume of air moved by terrestrials.

30
Q

Are the gills internal or external?

A

Internal.

31
Q

Why are the lamellae incredibly thin?

A

To ensure a short diffusion distance.

32
Q

How does water enter the fish?

A

Through the mouth.

33
Q

How is a unidirectional flow of water ensured?

A

There are 2 ventilation pumps, the opercular suction pump and buccal pressure pump.

34
Q

What is the function of the ventilation pumps?

A

They ensure unidirectional flow and a continuous flow across the gills to provide a high diffusion gradient.

35
Q

What would happen if the water re-enters through the vents that it leaves the fish in?

A

It will likely have a very low oxygen concentration.

36
Q

How do fish ensure that water doesn’t re-enter the fish?

A

The mouth opens at the same time as the vents close, (and vice-versa).

37
Q

How many ventilation pumps are in the fish?

A

2 - opercular suction pump and buccal pressure pump.

38
Q

Where are the fish’s gills located?

A

Just behind the fish’s head.

39
Q

Explain the structure of the fish gills?

A

Made up of 4 gill arches, each arch has 2 rows of gill filaments, the filaments contain lamellae at right angles.

40
Q

What protects the gills?

A

The operculum.

41
Q

How many gill arches does a fish have?

A

4.

42
Q

What are the ‘discs’ in the gills?

A

They are lamellae contained on the filaments.

43
Q

Dog fish are an exemption to the counter-current flow, they have a parallel flow. What does this mean for their gas exchange efficiency?

A

They have only a 50% efficiency.

44
Q

What is the transport medium for the fishes gaseous exchange system?

A

Water, as they live there.

45
Q

Insects need to worry about water loss, do fish need to worry about this?

A

They do not need to worry about it as they live in water so it is readily available.

46
Q

What would happen if the gills were in air rather than water?

A

The gills would collapse as water is much denser than air.

47
Q

What is the operculum?

A

A bony flap which protects the gills from damage.

Bio L6 (5) Oxygen and carbon dioxide: gas exchange and transport (8 decks)

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