Ventilation

Question 1

Tidal Volume

Answer 1

normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is not applied 500ml

Question 2

Vital Capacity

Answer 2

the max amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a max inhalation
IRV + TV + ERV

Question 3

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 3

the max volume that can be inhaled from the end inspiratory level

Question 4

Expiratory Reserve volume

Answer 4

the max amount of air that can be exhaled from the end expiratory position

Question 5

Inspiratory capacity

Answer 5

the sum of IRV and Vt

Question 6

Total Lung Capacity

Answer 6

the volume of air in the lungs at max inflation
VC + RV
sum of all volumes

Question 7

Functional Residual Capacity

Answer 7

the volume in the lungs at the end-expiratory position

what is left over after a normal unforced exhale

Question 8

Residual Volume

Answer 8

the volume that cannot be expelled or measured

Question 9

Anatomical Dead Airspace

Answer 9

the volume of the conducting airways from the nose or mouth down to the terminal bronchioles
anatomic dead space fills with inspired air at the end of each inspiration, but this air is exhaled unchanged

Question 10

Advantage of mechanical ventilation

Answer 10

keeps air going in and out
improve oxygenation
decreased work of breathing
improve V/Q mismatch 
decrease fatigue

Question 11

Disadvantages of mechanical ventilation

Answer 11

facial and nasal pressure injury and sores
gastric distension
dry mucous membranes and thick secretions
aspiration of gastric contents
complications of both noninvasice and invasive ventilation
hypotension related to positive intrathoracic pressure

Question 12

INPV

Answer 12

intermittent negative pressure ventilation

tank ventilator

Question 13

IPPV

Answer 13

intermittent positive pressure ventilation

air is delivered into a person’s lungs under pressure in short bursts, to stimulate intake of breath

Question 14

CMV

Answer 14

controlled mechanical ventilation

continuous mandatory ventilation

Question 15

SIMV

Answer 15

synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation

breathes as per patient need

Question 16

MMV

Answer 16

mandatory minute ventilation

select minute ventilation for the pt and monitors pts ability to generate this volume

Question 17

PEEP

Answer 17

positive end expiratory pressure

pressure in the lungs above atmospheric pressure that exists at the end of expiration

Question 18

CPAP

Answer 18

continuous positive airway pressure

applies mild air pressure on a continuous basis to keep airways open in a pt

Question 19

NIPPV

Answer 19

non-invasive intermittent positive pressure ventilation

delivered through non invasive interface rather than an invasice interface

Question 20

BiPAP

Answer 20

biphasic positive airway pressure ventilation

the pressure gradient alters during the phases of inspiration and expiration

Question 21

how does capnography work

Answer 21

detection of CO2 gases

amount of light absorbed is proportional to the percentage of CO2 in the expired gas

Question 22

Peak flow

Answer 22

measures the peak exp flow of a person
used to determine the severity of a persons airway disease in respect to narrowness or degree of obstruction within the airways

Question 23

V/Q mismatch

Answer 23

occurs with altered lung physiology or ventilation/perfusion dysfunction resulting in ineffective gas exchange

Question 24

V/Q mismatch leads to:

Answer 24

shunting - reduced ventilation
dead-space ventilation - reduced perfusion
silent unit - combination

Question 25

left-right shunt

Answer 25

areas of no or low ventilation

perfusion is adequate

Question 26

deadspace

Answer 26

area of no or low perfusion
blood flow through alevolar capillaries in some segments reduced
ventilation is adequate

Question 27

Resp failure type 1

Answer 27

shunt
hypoxia due to an inability to maintain gas exchange
V/Q mismatch
caused by: problems with conducting airways, alveoli, pulmonary vessels

Question 28

Resp failure type 2

Answer 28

mechanical or neurologic
cardiac failure
increasing pCO2 decreasing pH and pO2
caused by problems with resp centre, spinal cord lesion, motor neuron disease, musculoskeletal, upper airway, diaphragmatic splinting