Cardiovascular interventions

Question 1

manual defib

Answer 1

restores the electrical function of the heart by overriding undesirable ventricular rhythms
delivers randomly timed electrical current to restore sinus rhythm

Question 2

synchronised cardioversion

Answer 2

used when pt is presenting with narrow complex tachycardias
requires sedation of the pt
lower joule setting than defib

Question 3

transutaneous cardiac pacing

Answer 3

delivery of shock through the wall of the pts chest to stimulate contraction
indicates to use on bradycardic pts who are symptomatic

Question 4

thrombolytic therapies

Answer 4

therapeutic drugs that inhibit thrombus formation or work to reduce the size of a thrombus that has formed
aim is to restore perfusion to ischaemic area

Question 5

thrombolytic therapies used

Answer 5

streptokinase
urokinase
tissue plasminogen activator
recombinant, or genetically engineered, tPA

Question 6

precautions of thrombolytic therapies

Answer 6

clotting disorder, history of internal bleeding, pregnancy, endocarditis, advanced age, recent surgery or injury, poorly controlled hypertension, diabetic retinopathy

Question 7

streptokinase

Answer 7

antigenic

binds with free circulating plasminogen to form a complex that can convert additional plasminogen to plasmin

Question 8

urokinase

Answer 8

used more often for peripheral intravascular thrombus and occluded catheters
indicated for massive pulmonary embolism
thrombolytic agent that is produced in renal parenchymal cells

Question 9

tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

Answer 9

synthesized and made available by cells of the vascular endothelium
physiologic thrombolytic agent responsible for most of the body’s natural efforts to prevent thrombus formation

Question 10

recombinant or genetically engineered r-PA

Answer 10

works more rapidly and has a lower bleeding risk than the first generation agent alteplase

Question 11

non pharmacological reperfusion therapies

Answer 11

CAGS
angioplasty
stenting

Question 12

CAGS

Answer 12

blood supply restored to an ischaemic area by grafting in another artery
surgical equivalent of collateral circulation
ideal for pts with multiple occlusions

Question 13

angioplasty (PTCA)

Answer 13

cathetor inserted into artery groin or axilla
balloon on cathetor
balloon inflated to increase diameter of lumen

Question 14

complications of angioplasty

Answer 14

abrupt closure of the dilated coronary artery within the first few hours after the procedure
given with anticoagulant drug to minimise clotting post procedure

Question 15

stents

Answer 15

manufactured support inserted into a natural passage in the body to prevent, or counteract a disease-induced, localised flow constriction
can be bare metal or drug eluting

Question 16

implanted defib devices

Answer 16

implanted surgically in the pts chest wall

lower joule setting than external

Question 17

cardiac marker assay

Answer 17

assay= process by which a property is measure
enzymes are released into the bloodstream as a result of ischaemic damge
clinical tests to assess the level of these enzymes to confirm there has been ischaemic damage to the heart muscle
troponin, CKMB, LDH