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FS Exam 3 > Ventilation > Flashcards

Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

Charle’s Law

A

Volume of a gas increases linearly with temperature

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2
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Pressure of a gas is inversely related to the volume of the container

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3
Q

Henry’s Law

A

Gases diffuse from high to low pressure

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4
Q

Inspiration is primarily work of

A

Diaphragm

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5
Q

What does visible contraction of accessory muscles suggest

A

Respiratory issues, obstruction like asthma maybe

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6
Q

Expiration Muscles

A

Gravity!

passive foreceful - abdominal muscles

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7
Q

Diaphragm

A

Attached to lower ribs and sternum

Separates thoracic and abdominal cavities

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8
Q

What is diaphragm made of

A

Skeletal muscle - slow twitch with tons of mitochondria

Innervated by phrenic C3,4,5

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9
Q

Diaphragm accounts for ___ % of volume change with resting breathign

A

75%

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10
Q

With contraction the diaphragm…

A

Descends
Increase in lung volume
Inhale

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11
Q

At the end of expiration pressures are…

A

Equal, so no movement in or out of lungs

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12
Q

Inspiration begins with…

A

contraction of inspiratory muscles to inc alveolar volume and expand lungs

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13
Q

Increased alveolar volume causes…

A

decrease in alveolar pressure below barometric press. so air flows into the lungs

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14
Q

At the end of inspiration….

A

Thorax and alveoli stop expanding, airflow in causes alveolar pressure to be equal to the baro press and so not that it is equal no movement occurs

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15
Q

During expiration volume of thorax…

A

Decreases as the diagphragm relaxes, decrease in alveolar volume and increase in alveolar pressure

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16
Q

Tidal Volume

A

500mL

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17
Q

Vol. in Conducting Airway

A

150 mL

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18
Q

Is the air in conducting airway participating in gas exchange

A

NO - gas exchange occurs at alveoli

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19
Q

Anatomic Dead Space

A

NOT part of gas exchange

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20
Q

With each 500mL inspiration, only…

A

the initial 350mL of fresh air entering the nose get to the alveoli

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21
Q

With each 500mL expiration, only…

A

the final 350mL of air exiting the nose comes from alveoli

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22
Q

Minute Ventilation (VE)

A

Total air moved into and out of respiratory system each minute
Volume that you breathe in/out times the # of times you breathe

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23
Q

Alveolar Ventilation (VA)

A

Volume of air available for gas exchange/minute

Have to consider dead space (VD) = air that doesn’t participate in gas exchange

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24
Q

Pleural membranes are essential for

A

Keeping the lung open

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25
Pleural Cavity
Encapsulates the lung; formed by the pleural membranes
26
Visceral Pleura
Adherent to the lung
27
Parietal Pleura
Adherent to the chest wall
28
Pleural Fluid
8mL Adheres to the two pleural membranes Comes from intercostal arteries; drained by lymphatics
29
Pleural Effusion
Common with congestive heart failure | Due to increased pulmonary venous hydrostatic pressure
30
Pleural Pressure
Opposing elastic force acts on pleural membranes which creates a negative pressure
31
Negative Pleural Pressure is result of
outward recoil of the chest wall and inward recoil of the lungs Chest wall = out and lungs = collapse in
32
Balance of the two forces
FRC is the equilibrium volume when the elastic recoil of the lung is balanced by normal tendency for chest wall to spring out
33
At FRC the recoils are
at equilibrium | Changes in lung or chest wall elastic properties will change the FRC
34
Chest Wall Recoil
If unopposed by lung recoil, would cause expansion to 70% of TLC At TLC, chest wall has inward recoil At RV chest wall has outward recoil
35
Lung Recoil
If unopposed (disconnected) from chest wall, lung would collapse
36
Airway Pressure (Paw)
Pressure inside the airway
37
Alveolar Pressure (PA)
Pressure inside alveoli
38
Pleural Pressure (Ppl)
Pressure inside pleural space (btw lung and chest wall)
39
Transmural Pressures
Pressure diff across a wall (inside-outside)
40
Types of Transmural Pressures
Transpulmonary | Transairway
41
Transpulmonary Pressure (PL)
Pressure diff across lung wall PA - Ppl Always positive If 0 = lung collapse
42
PL is equal and opposite to...
the elastic recoil of lung
43
Transairway Pressure (Pta)
PRessure diff across airway | Paw - Ppl
44
Inspiratory muscles contract -->
1. Thoracic Cavity Expands 2. Pleural Press becomes more neg 3. Transpulmonary press inc 4. Lungs inflate 5. Alveolar press becomes subatmospheric 6. Air flows into lungs until alveolar press equals atm press (peak of inhalation)
45
Compliance
Distensibility | Ease with which lungs and thorax expand
46
The greater the compliance...
the easier for a change in pressure to cause expansion
47
Lower compliance means
lungs are working harder to expand
48
Elastance
The reciprocal of compliance Tendency to return to original shape when deformed Elastic recoil
49
Inc in lung compliance and volume
Inc in lung compliance for given pressure will get a greater change in volume
50
Dec in lung compliance and volume
Dec in lung compliance for given pressure will get you lower volume change
51
Decrease in compliance (disorders)
Resistive lung disorder Pulmonary fibrosis Easy in, hard out
52
Increase in compliance (disorders)
COPD, asthma, obstructive lung disorder
53
Pleural pressure uniformity
is NOT uniform
54
Pleural pressure is not uniform due to
1. Gravity 2. Mismatching of shapes of lungs and chest wall 3. Weight of lung
55
What is more constant throughout the lung
Alveolar pressure
56
Apex vs. base for pressure
Gravity is pulling more on membrane at apex, so there is lower pressure at apex relative to the base
57
Regional Compliance differences result in
Regional differences in ventilation
58
Compliance is ___ at apex
Less Gravity pulls lungs down, dec in pleural press at apex, inc in transpulmonary pressure at apex, inc in alveolar expansion at apex, decrease in compliane
59
At FRC and above... The Paradox
Even though the base is poorly expanded, it is better ventilated More volume will go to the more distensible base than to the stiffer apex
60
Below FRC...
It is reversed As one approaches RV, pleural press at base exceeds airway press and the airways close at the base Inspiration from RV ventilates alveoli at apex Base is not ventilated until pleural press is less than atm press
61
Hysteresis
Volume lower when you inhale than when you exhale for a given pressure Fighting surface tension
62
Alveoli at base are
smaller or weaker looking, but they are more distensible so the volume change is bigger at the base - more compliant
63
Lower Zone
Higher ventilation So better to ventilate at base Because compliance for given pressure is better

FS Exam 3 (10 decks)

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