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FS Exam 3 > Overview of Pulmonary System > Flashcards

Overview of Pulmonary System Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory Process

A
  1. Pulmonary Ventilation (air in and out of lungs only)
  2. Pulmonary Diffusion
  3. Gas Transport
  4. Capillary Gas Exchange
  5. Cellular/Internal Respiration
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2
Q

Respiratory Zones - Conducting Zone

A

Warms and humidifies air

Nasal Cavity –> Pharynx –> Larynx –> Trachea –> Bronchi –> Bronchioles –> Terminal Bronchioles

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3
Q

Respiratory Zones - Respiratory Zone

A

Gas Exchange

Respiratory Bronchioles –> Alveolar Ducts –> Alveolar Sac –> Alveoli

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4
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract

A

Nasal Cavity –> Pharynx –> Larynx

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5
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract

A

Trachea –> Bronchi –> Bronchioles –> Alveoli

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6
Q

Resp. Epithelium Gel Layer

A

High viscosity from goblet cells (goblet cells produce mucous)

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7
Q

Res. Epithelium Sol Layer

A

Low viscocity, watery secretion from mucous glands

Mucinex - facilitates movement of this mucous

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8
Q

C-Fibers

A

Afferent

Cough Reflex

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9
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Inhibits

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10
Q

Parasympathetic NA

A

Stimulates

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11
Q

Upper Resp. Tract - Swell Bodies

A

Venous plexus of cavernous thin walled vessels
Found in middle and inferior conchae
Veins that drain the plexus can constrict to cause engorgement
Engorgement occurs in a cyclical fashion to prevent respiratory epithelium from drying out

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12
Q

Upper Resp. Tract - Paranasal Sinuses

A

Located in ethmoid, frontal, and sphenoid bones

Humidifies air

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13
Q

Trachea

A

Hyaline cartilage rings that give structure but allow for flexibility

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14
Q

Trachea Musculature

A

Trachealis
Posterior surface
When C fibers detect an irritant, will contract and narrow and this promotes the cough reflex
Force through smaller area = inc velocity

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15
Q

Hilux

A

Where everything goes in and out

Veins = oxygenated

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16
Q

Bronchioles Innervation

A

Smooth muscle innervated by ANS
Para = Cholinergic (Constrict airway)
Sym = Adrenergic (dilate airway)

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17
Q

Bronchioles

A
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18
Q 
Bronchus
Epithelium
Goblet Cells
Cartilage
Glands
Smooth Muscle 
Alveoili
A 
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar
\+
\+
\+
2 sets
-
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19
Q 
Bronchiole
Epithelium
Goblet Cells
Cartilage
Glands
Smooth Muscle 
Alveoili
A 
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar
\+
-
-
\+
-
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20
Q 
Terminal Bronchiole
Epithelium
Goblet Cells
Cartilage
Glands
Smooth Muscle 
Alveoili
A 
Simple Ciliated Columnar
-
-
-
\+
-
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21
Q 
Respiratory Bronchiole
Epithelium
Goblet Cells
Cartilage
Glands
Smooth Muscle 
Alveoili
A 
Simple Cuboidal
-
-
-
\+
\+
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22
Q 
Alveolar Duct
Epithelium
Goblet Cells
Cartilage
Glands
Smooth Muscle 
Alveoili
A 
Simple Cuboidal
-
-
-
little
\+
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23
Q 
Alveolus
Epithelium
Goblet Cells
Cartilage
Glands
Smooth Muscle 
Alveoili
A 
Simple Squamous
-
-
-
-
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24
Q

Alveoli

A

About 300 million

1 mm in length

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25
Q

How many capillaries per alveolus

A

About 500 to 1000

Abundant capillaries forms a sheet around each alveolus

26
Q

Alveolar Capillary Unit

A

Provides minimum diffusion distance and maximum surface area for gas exchange

27
Q

Distance btw alveolus and capillary

A

0.5 to 1 micometer

28
Q

Drawback to alveolar capillary unit

A

Alveoli is surrounded by water and water molecules are attracted to one another to the point that can develop cuz of surface tension
SO…alveoli release surfactant which reduces this surface tension

29
Q

Surface Tension in created when

A

H20 molecules are attracted to one another

30
Q

Surface Tension and Work of Breathing

A

Increases the work of breathing
Harder to get air into the lungs
- Normally 2/3 of work of breathing is used to overcome surface tension

31
Q

Surface Tension and Internal Pressure

A

Increase internal pressure required to open alveoli
P = 2T/r
Smaller alveoli have higher internal pressure and are more prone to experience atelectasis

32
Q

Surfactant

A

Phospholipid that decreases surface tension and decreases the work of breathing

33
Q

Surfactant location/spread

A

Spread over alveolar surface more effectively by yawning/deep breathing

34
Q

Infant Resp. Distress Syndrome

A

Surfactant appears at 34 weeks gestation

Poor surfactant production increases work of breathing

35
Q

Conducting zone is ____ Dependent

A

Velocity

150mL of air

36
Q

Respiratory zone is ____ Dependent

A

Diffusion
2.5 - 3L
Bigger area than conducting zone

37
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

6 L

38
Q

Tidal Volume

A

Normal breathing, air into and out of lungs

500 mL

39
Q

Vital Capacity

A

Exhaled volume after maximal inspiration

40
Q

Residual Volume

A

Amount of air left in lung after max expiration

1 L

41
Q

Functional Residual Capacity

A

Volume of gas in lung after normal exhale

The baseline of the lung

42
Q

Measuring Residual Volume

A

Not with spirometry

measured by He dilution, )2 dilution, or N2 washout

43
Q

Purpose of Residual Volume

A

Allows uninterupted exchange of gas between blood and alveoli btw phases of breathing cycle
Keeps alveoli inflated and prevents fluctuations in blood gas concentrations

44
Q

Airflow

A

Largely determined by diameter

Change in pressure over resistance

45
Q

Most resistance in…

A

Conducting Airway

46
Q

Low resistance in…

A

Respiratory zones - more diffusion going on

47
Q

Constriction of airway and resistance and airflow

A

Inc resistance

decrease airflow

48
Q

Bronchiolar Smooth Muscle Innervation

A

ANS

49
Q

Bronchiolar Innervation Symp.

A

Adrenergic stimulation causes dilation of bronchi and bronchioles
NE and Albuterol stimulate B2 receptors that then lead to dilation
Inhibits glandular secretions

50
Q

Bronchiolar Innervation Para

A 
Muscarinic receptors (Ach)
Cholinergic stimulation causes constriction
Increases glandular secretion (mucous)
51
Q

Bronchiolar Smooth Muscle Irritants

A

Cause reflex contraction of bronchial smooth muscle

Irritant receptrs located in trachea and large bronchi

52
Q

What is Air Pressure

A

Gravity pulls air molecules toward earth
Weight of air molecules is the air pressure
Depends on how much gas there is (atmospheric thickness)
The amount of gas depends on gravity

53
Q

Gravity and Air Pressure

A

The stronger the gravity, the more gas is held by the world and the greater the weight of atm. on a point

54
Q

one atm =

A

760 mmHg

55
Q

At altitude pressure is

A

lower

Air is lighter

56
Q

Barometer

A

Used for measuring air pressure
Lower pressure = more fluid in air
Cortisol - joints before storm

57
Q

As atm pressure increases…

A

Mercury in tube rises

58
Q

Air Movement

A

High to low pressure

59
Q

Pressure Gradietn

A

Change in pressure across a distance

Need gradient for movement

60
Q

Lung Tissure and air pressure

A

Lung tissue is highly elastic and distensible

Normal breath requires

FS Exam 3 (10 decks)

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