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RADT 251 - Advanced Imaging Modalities > Venipuncture & Contrast Media > Flashcards

Venipuncture & Contrast Media Flashcards

1
Q

what emergency drugs should be available before contrast media is administered?

A

epinephrine and benadryl

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2
Q

list the exams or reasons that allow radiologic technologists to perform venipuncture

A

administering contrast media, radiopharmaceuticals, IV medications

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3
Q

what type of density to radiopaque contrast agents have?

A

high density

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4
Q

what do radiopaque contrast agents allow to be imaged?

A

low contrast tissues such as blood vessels, kidneys, GI tract

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5
Q

what are the most common contrast agents

A

barium and iodine

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6
Q

barium atomic number

A

56

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7
Q

iodine atomic number

A

53

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8
Q

how can barium sulfate be administered

A

orally or rectally

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9
Q

when imaging a patient, what is barium used to image?

A

GI disorders

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10
Q

what does the barium coat in the GI tract

A

the mucosa

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11
Q

when shouldn’t barium sulfate be used?

A

when a perforation of the GI tract is suspected

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12
Q

if perforation of the GI tract is suspected, what will replace the barium sulfate?

A

water soluble iodine solution

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13
Q

when imaging the UGI, how should barium sulfate be administered?

A

orally

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14
Q

when imaging the lower GI, how should barium sulfate be administered?

A

enema

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15
Q

what adds density to vascular structures and organs?

A

iodinated contrast media

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16
Q

what are the five ways iodinated contrast media can be administered

A

intravenously, intra-arterially, orally, rectally, intrathecal

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17
Q

the concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per kilogram

A

osmolality

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18
Q

concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per liter in a percentage?

A

osmolarity

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19
Q

measurement of the rate of flow of a liquid through a tube

A

viscosity

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20
Q

which contrast media generally has a high osmolar content?

A

ionic contrast media

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21
Q

what is the ratio of iodine atoms to osmotically active particles in ionic contrast media?

A

3:2

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22
Q

what is the ratio of iodine atoms to osmotically active particles in non ionic contrast media ?

A

3:1

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23
Q

what are the 5 rights of medication

A

right patient, right drug, right route, right amount, right time

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24
Q

how many atoms per molecule do ionic and non ionic contrast media have?

A

3

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25
Q

which type of contrast media has a higher chance of adverse reactions and toxicity to organs?

A

ionic contrast

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26
Q

which contrast type generally has low osmolar content?

A

non ionic contrast

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27
Q

when injected into the bloodstream, which contrast agent does not disassociate into osmotically active particles

A

non ionic

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28
Q

which type of contrast agent has a less chance of adverse reactions and toxicity to organs?

A

non ionic

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29
Q

what are the methods of administration for venipuncture?

A

hypodermic needle, butterfly needle, IV catheter

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30
Q

what important information about patients should we know before administering contrast media?

A

previous reactions, asthema, seizures, renal history, diabetic metformin drugs

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31
Q

what may a patient who is at risk of reactions be administered before being given contrast?

A

steroids, benadryl

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32
Q

what does BUN stand for

A

blood urea nitrogen

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33
Q

which lab value measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood

A

BUN

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34
Q

what is a waste product of protein metabolism

A

urea nitrogen

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35
Q

what is the average value of BUN levels?

A

7 - 20 mg

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36
Q

where is urea nitrogen creatine created and where does it carry to?

A

created in the liver and carried to the kidneys

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37
Q

what is the chemical waste generated from muscle metabolism?

A

Creatinine

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38
Q

what % of the body’s creatine is converted to creatinine daily?

A

2%

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39
Q

where is creatine created and where is it carried to?

A

created in the bloodstream and carried to the kidneys

40
Q

what is the average value of creatinine levels

A

0.6 - 1.2 mg

41
Q

what should be checked on the contrast before administration

A

type of contrast, expiration date, clarity of contrast

42
Q

what angle should the needle be for venipuncture?

A

20 - 45 degrees

43
Q

after blood return with an IV how much further should the needle be pushed into the vein?

A

1/4 - 1/2 inch

44
Q

how many cc’s of normal saline should be injected into the IV after venipuncture and before administration of contrast?

A

1-3 cc

45
Q

after injecting the normal saline into the IV, what should the tech observe for

A

redness, swelling, pain

46
Q

after removing the IV, how long should pressure be held on the puncture wound?

A

3 minutes

47
Q

what are the three types of reactions to contrast administration

A

mild, moderate, severe

48
Q

how long after injecting a patient with a contrast agent do reaction signs occur?

A

2 - 3 minutes

49
Q

what two types of administration are most likely to cause adverse reactions?

A

intravenously, intra-arterially

50
Q

what are some symptoms of a mild reaction to contrast administration?

A

itching eyes and nose, cough, sneezing, hives

51
Q

what should be done if the tech notices the patient having a mild reaction to contrast?

A

stop the infusion, notify the nurse and radiologist, observe the patient

52
Q

what are some symptoms of intermediate / moderate reactions to contrast media

A

throat tightness, dyspenia or wheezing, rapid pulse or breathing, chest pain, hypotension

53
Q

what should be done if the tech notices that the patient is having intermediate or moderate reactions to contrast?

A

stop the infusion, notify the nurse and radiologist, prepare medication to administer (antihistamines)

54
Q

what are some symptoms of severe reactions to contrast agents?

A

shock, seizure, cardiac arrest

55
Q

what should be done if the tech notices a patient having a severe reaction to contrast media?

A

notify nurse and radiologist, call for the emergency team, get the crash cart and the AED

56
Q

t / f Mild or moderate reactions to contrast media cannot turn into severe reactions

A

false

57
Q

what types of medications are administered to treat intermediate or moderate reactions to contrast agents?

A

antihistamines such as epinephrine or benadryl

58
Q

what response do mild reactions to contrast media require?

A

observation and time

59
Q

what response do moderate reactions to contrast media require?

A

medication and observation

60
Q

what response do severe reactions to contrast media require?

A

immediate intervention and hospitalization

61
Q

minimum hospitalization time for a patient that suffers a severe contrast media reaction

A

24 hours

62
Q

how long after intravenous contrast media administration can a reaction occur?

A

up to 24 hrs from time of injection

63
Q

what is the cause of a hematoma as a result of a contrast media complication

A

poor needle insertion

64
Q

what is the cause of phlebitis as a result of a contrast media complication

A

unclean application / extravasation

65
Q

what is the cause of tissue sloughing as a result of a contrast media complication

A

extravasation of caustic contrast material

66
Q

are veins less or more superficial than arteries

A

more, closer to surface of skin

67
Q

how long to apply pressure to puncture site after venipuncture?

A

at least 3 minutes

68
Q

if a patient is on blood thinners or coumadin (warfrin), how long to hold puncture site after venipuncture?

A

5 minutes

69
Q

which vein is mainly used for contrast media administration?

A

medial cubital (antecubital) vein

70
Q

when medial cubital vein is inaccessible, which site of venipuncture is used?

A

palmar arch on the hand

71
Q

cleaning site size and movement of alcohol

A

4 x 4, medialateral circular motion

72
Q

maximum amount of contrast a person can recieve in a day

A

500cc

73
Q

infiltration of contrast media or caustic material under the skin

A

extravasation

74
Q

if extravasation occurs with contrast media, how to treat?

A

use heating pad to decrease viscosity of contrast and allow body to process it faster

75
Q

maximum amount of time a tourniquet should be applied

A

1 minute

76
Q

three major veins in the antecubital fossa

A

cephalic, medial cubital, basilic

77
Q

vein located on the thumb side of the arm

A

cephalic vein

78
Q

what is the cause of rolling veins?

A

needle enters to the side of the vein, causing it to roll to one side

79
Q

what is creatinine produced from?

A

creatine

80
Q

who oversees the scope of practice and contrast media for radiologic technologists?

A

ASRT

81
Q

time frame for possible IV contrast reactions

A

2-3 minutes usually, but can be up to 24 to 48 hours

82
Q

itching of the nose or eyes is a indication of which type of reaction

A

mild

83
Q

coughing is a indication of which type of reaction

A

mild

84
Q

sneezing is a indication of which type of reaction

A

mild

85
Q

hives is a indication of which type of reaction

A

mild

86
Q

what to do in case of a mild reaction?

A

stop infusion, notify nurse and radiologist, observe

87
Q

tightness in the throat is a indication of which type of reaction

A

moderate

88
Q

dyspnea or wheezing is a indication of which type of reaction

A

moderate

89
Q

rapid pulse or breathing is a indication of which type of reaction

A

moderate

90
Q

chest pain is a indication of which type of reaction

A

moderate

91
Q

hypotension is a indication of which type of reaction

A

moderate

92
Q

what to do in case of moderate reaction?

A

stop injection, call radiologist and nurse, prepare to give oxygen or epinepherine/benadryl. requires treatment

93
Q

shock is a indication of which type of reaction

A

severe

94
Q

seizures is a indication of which type of reaction

A

severe

95
Q

cardiac arrest is a indication of which type of reaction

A

severe

96
Q

what to do in case of severe reaction?

A

notify nurse and radiologist, call emergency team, get code cart and AED. requires hospitalization and observation

RADT 251 - Advanced Imaging Modalities (4 decks)

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