Venezuela Flashcards

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1
Q

Columbia vs Venezuela from
1900 - 1957
1958 - 1974
1975 - 1989
1990 - 2024

A

Democracy, stability, economy, Intl Rel (US)

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2
Q

2017 Political & Economis Crisis

A

Shortages of mood, medicine, hygiene products.

Hyperinflation at 800%

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3
Q

History with democracy

A

civil wars, collapse of aristocracy hindered development of central state. dictatorship/heavy-handed rule (1908-1935).

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4
Q

Between 1830 & 1920, Vez commercial bureaucratic outpost, trading agricultural commodities (ranching & plantations)

A

in exchange for finished goods produced abroad

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5
Q

1910s

A

Exploitation of petroleum,, population shifted from one that lived & worked land & mainly illiterate, to one moved to cities & attended school

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6
Q

Oil revenue (early 1900s)

A
  1. Fiscal & administrative (which helped to consolidate the state machinery)
  2. Demographic & social
  3. Economic
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7
Q

Weak state before with few resources, Gomez and his successors could use this wealth to

A

pay off their benefactors to remain in office

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8
Q

Development of infrastructure (roads, bridges, public health improvemnts as caused by enrichment of state (machine politics: Daley in Chicago; Peron in Argentina

A

Demography: many left poor rural areas for more prosperous cities (literacy/education)

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9
Q

Internal war

A

a response to hard economic times prior to development of oil discovery, reduced considerably following oil boom

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10
Q

Gomez passes in 1935, prior to his deathm groups had already begun to form in opposition to Gomez

A

Democracy fell on deaf ears
Precursors for organizaing protext movements and for democratic reform

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11
Q

General Isaias Medina succeeded Lopez five years (1940)

A

Seeking a base of support independent from Lopez

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12
Q

Trienio

A

3-year period introduced mass politics

-Barrriers to participation were lowered; suffrage universal & extended to all citizens over 18, with no restrictions by education, gender, or property
Electorate expanded from 5%of the pop. (pre-1945) to 36% after Trienio
Free, direct elections instituted at all levels
New parties also formed in addition to AD; competitors included Christian Democratic Party (COPEI)

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13
Q

Breakdown of democracy

A

AD total control of most popular orgs (eg unions) & popular ors

Economic & social elites: no guarantees of power and privilege

In past, popular orgs seemed needless to elites (rewarded personal influence more than capacity to move masses)

AD expanded participation sparked a series of bitter conflicts

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14
Q

Opposition to AD

A

Oppositions reinforced by elite fears that AD would erase existing social order

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15
Q

Military rule in Venezuela, 1948 - 1957

A

1948: conservative opposition forced AD leaders into exile

Opposition also disbanded all labor and peasant organizations and rolled back democracy

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16
Q

Return to Democracy in Venezuela

A

1957: convergence of events produce long-lasting democracy

Economic downturn in combination with charges of corruption

Opposition from Church made groups begin to question dictatorship

17
Q

General Perez Jimenez

A

held plebiscite (one candidate for each office), served to unite opposition against him: failed coup

18
Q

Professionalized military

A

Wooing officer corps and building new generations of professional officers, while purging elements of recently deposed military regime

19
Q

Coalitions formed between political parties and between business and professional associations

A

No one wanted a return to military rule

20
Q

Political leaders took a step by step approach to rebuilding democracy

A

Basic premise: compromise and power sharing among parties (Pact of Punto Fijo - conciliation, caution, and compromise

Agrarian reform, government promotion of industrialization (ISI), and greater national control over oil remained objectives (especially of AD) but…

21
Q

New government relied on pacts and coalitions, inter-elite consensus, moderation in its policies, and exclusion of the revolutionary left

A

1960: coalition came apart with URD abandoning it that year and Christian Democrats leaving it in 1963

Still, democracy and holding of regular elections went on schedule.

22
Q

Splits developed within the AD party, resulted in COPEI winning in 1968

A

Peaceful transition

23
Q

What allowed democracy to coninue

A

Economy expanded same time as political development has occurred

24
Q

Politcal leaders such as AD President Carlos Andres Perez in the 1970s, assumed oil prices would rise; took out loans for large public-works projects

A

What the price of oil fell flat in 1977, Venezuela had no way to repay loans

25
Q

February 1989

A

Perez (AD returns): bloody and traumatic urban riots
Perez’s annoucement of structural adjustment program (tariff reductions, privatizations, and stabilization policies)

26
Q

Resentment between senior officers who received benefits while junior officers no longer could afford cars or decent housing

A

Result, in 1992, a military faction led by Hugo Chavez attempted a few coups

27
Q

Coups revealed deep divisions in armed forces - younger offucer committed to radical change and ranks of colonel or above who remained loyal to the system

A

Feb 4 coup was engineered by a group of young officers that only narrowly missed succeeding; second unsuccessful coup was mounted in November

28
Q

Opposition to Bolivarian Revolution

A

Chavez’s opponents divided

29
Q

Solutions used by Chavez/Maduro

A

Redistribute monies to poor/military/cronies
Pack the courts
Military promotions based on loyalty to president

30
Q

1940s and 1950s in Columbia and Venezuela

Similarities

A

Both responding to the military govt’s poor performance
Military incursions occured at the same time as violent events
In both cases military regimes seen as failures

Both put in place a govt that would be more accommodation
Both National Front and Pact of Punto Fijo arose after military rule
Both have similar exports

31
Q

1940s and 1950s in Columbia and Venezuela

Differences

A

Stringency of the pacts

Political instability in Columbia; politically calm in Venezuela (not 80s yet)

Diversification of exports

32
Q

1980s & 1998 in Columbia and Venezuela

Similarities

A

Political instability
–volatile prices of oil
Political violence

Democracy continues but criticism of two-party

33
Q

1980s & 1998 in Columbia and Venezuela

Differences

A

US opposition

Drug trafficking

34
Q

2000s in Columbia and Venezuela

Similarities

A

New political parties

Drug shipments come from both countries

Protests in both countries

Leftist leaders rule both countries

35
Q

2000s in Columbia and Venezuela

Differences

A

Instability in Venezuela

Threat to current president

Role of the US (or lack thereof)