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CELL MICRO S1 > Vector borne protozoa > Flashcards

Vector borne protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

how can malaria spread directly between humans?

A

via blood transfusions (done by mosquitos in small amounts)

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2
Q

what are the 5 ways in which protozoa can transmit disease?

A
  • vectors (malaria)
  • ingestion (Giardia)
  • sexual contact (Trichomonas vaginalis)
  • transovarial (Babesia bovis)
  • placental (Toxoplasma gondii)
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3
Q

the symptoms of protozoan disease is caused by?

A
  • protozoa damaging host tissue
  • toxic protozoal products
  • immune response to protozoans
  • REPRODUCE AND RUPTURE HOST CELLS (Plasmodium spp.)
  • ATTACH TO MACROPHAGES, BECOME PHAGOCYTOSED (Toxoplasma gondii)
  • ATTACH TO HOST CELL AND DIGEST CONTENTS (Giardia)
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4
Q

what are the two bacteria that cause sleeping sickness?

A

T.brucei gambiense and T. brucei rhodesiense

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5
Q

which bacteria causes Chagas disease?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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6
Q

what is responsible for spreading trypanosomiasis?

A

Tsetse flies

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7
Q

where are Tsetse flies found & O where is Trypanosomiasis most common?

A
  • forest
  • near dense dhrubs
  • rivers and watering holes
  • close to human settlements
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8
Q

how can we limit Tsetse fly contact with humans?

A

tsetse fly traps

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9
Q

what are the symptoms of sleeping sickness?

A
  • swollen lymph nodes
  • swelling of face and hands
  • skin rash
  • fever & severe headaches
  • muscle and joint pain
  • fatigue
    COMA if parasites cross CHOROID PLEXUS to brain and CSF
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10
Q

what are the symptoms of African Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) if it PROGRESSES?

A
  • weight loss

- neurological impairment

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11
Q

where does asexual reproduction occur of Trypanosoma brucei?

A

in humans

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12
Q

what is the treatment for sleeping sickness? problems?

A 
1st stage: Suramin, Pentamidine
2nd stage: Melarsoprol, Eflornithine
- scarce
- difficult to administer
- HARMFUL side effects
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13
Q

how do treatments for sleeping sickness work?

A

bind to components that protect PARASITES from OXIDATIVE DAMAGE

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14
Q

is there a vaccine for sleeping sickness?

A

nope

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15
Q

what does the drug Suramin target in sleeping sickness?

A

targets GLYCOSOME

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16
Q

how is the GLYCOSOME targeted by drugs against sleeping sickness?

A

Glycosome is the site of the 1st stages of glycolysis

  • enzymes involved in the generation of ATP are confined here
  • Suramin binds to the ENZYMES req for ATP synthesis
  • O ATP synthesis slows
17
Q

where is Chagas disease usually found?

A

all Americas (esp South)

18
Q

which vector is important in the spread of Trypanosoma. cruzi?

A

Reduviid insects

19
Q

what are the 2 stages of Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) ? symptoms

A

ACUTE stage- shortly after infection
- swelling at site of infection
CHRONIC stage- after asymptomatic stage (up to several years)
- cardiac symptoms
- digestive damage
- peripheral nervous involvement
DAMAGED MYOFIBRES replaced by FIBROUS TISSUE

20
Q

describe the pathogenesis of Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)

A
  • inflammation
  • autoimmunity
  • antigen variation
21
Q

in patients with Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) , where are the parasites found?

A

in cerebral spinal fluid

22
Q

how is Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) prevented?

A
  • spray insecticide
  • insecticide paints
  • housing improvement
  • health education
  • PREVENT INFECTED BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS
23
Q

Leishmaniasis is caused by what?

A

Leishmania sp. (L. donovani)

24
Q

describe Leishmania sp. (L. donovan

A

obligate intracellular parasite

25
Q

what transmits L. donovani?

A

female sandflies

26
Q

who is at risk of Leishmaniasis?

A
  • those in endemic areas

- TIMING: biting at dusk or dawn

27
Q

what are the 3 ways Leishmaniasis can manifest?

A

1) cutaneous (skin)
2) mucocutaneous (deep skin/tissue)
3) visceral (internal organ)

28
Q

describe the clinical presentation of cutaneous leishmaniasis?

A
  • one or more sores after bite
  • sores can last weeks–> years
  • raised edges and central crater
29
Q

describe the clinical presentation of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
how is inflammation brought about?

A
  • can occur months–>years after initial cutaneous lesion healed
  • scanty presence of parasites
  • affects NASO-PHARANGEAL tissues

INFLAMMATION: non-specific granulation tissue

30
Q

what are the symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis?

what happens if it is not treated?

A
  • fever
  • weight loss
  • enlargement of spleen/liver
  • anaemia
    NO TREATMENT? fatal
31
Q

how can Leishmaniasis be prevented?

A 
- no vaccines
BUT- protective clothing & insect repellent 
- PERMETHRIN impregnated clothing 
- bed nets 
- PERMETHRIN impregnated bed nets

CELL MICRO S1 (16 decks)

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