Protozoan evolution and development

Question 1

describe protozoa?

Answer 1

eukaryotic, unicellular, single celled

Question 2

how did eukaryotic cells form?

Answer 2

1) infolding that ingested an aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote (became mitochondria)
2) membrane infolding taking prokaryotic chromosome into an early membrane bound nucleus

Question 3

what is a chimera? is there heritability?

Answer 3

grafting/transplatation of tissues

NO heritability

Question 4

what is a composite? is there heritability?

Answer 4

different tissue types in ONE organism through merging of genetically distinct cells eg protozoa
there IS heritability

Question 5

what is the evidence for protozoa being composites?

Answer 5

some protozoa have chloroplasts AND flagella

Question 6

why is Giardia an anomaly?

how can this be explained?

Answer 6

• no mitochondria or peroxisomes
• genome doesn’t encode myosin
  EXPLANATION: Giardia diverged from euk PRIOR to mitochondria endosymbiosis
  related genes occur because of INDEPENDENT ANALOGOUS evolution

Question 7

which 4 broad categories are included in protozoa?

Answer 7

amoeba, ciliates, flagellates, apicomplexans

Question 8

what is the function of amaebae Pseudopodia?

Answer 8

movement and feeding

Question 9

what is the function of amaebae plasmasol

Answer 9

hardens and liquefies for TRACTION

Question 10

how is food obtained for amoeba?

Answer 10

CHEMOTAXIS(detect food)

• use plasmasol to form pseudopodia
• ingest food by attacking via OXIDATIVE BURST

Question 11

what are the different names for flagella?

Answer 11

fimbria, mastigonemata

Question 12

describe the Flagellates
contain?
nutrition 
where are they found
food storage?

Answer 12

• many cont chloroplasts
• saprotrophic/phagotrophic
• common in freshwater
• store food as fat or paramylon
  MAY HAVE
• more than 1 flagella
• eye spot
• PELLICLE (allows cell to retain shape/rigidity)

Question 13

what is a protozoa with flagella called?

what is their flagella made of?

Answer 13

UNDULIPODIA

made of TUBULIN

Question 14

what is the function of the cytosome?

Answer 14

ingests particles as a feeding mechanism

Question 15

how do phytoflagellates obtain nutrition?

Answer 15

attack external cell layer of marine animals—> removing cytoplasmic content —> can cause severe damage

Question 16

describe the structure of ciliates

Answer 16

• cilia linked by tubles that form a KINETOSOME

- kinetosome arranged to rows (max particle uptake)—> KINETIES

Question 17

what is the only ciliate that causes disease in humans?

Answer 17

Balantidium coli

Question 18

what is the function of the micronuclei?

Answer 18

controls cell division & DNA replication

Question 19

what is the function of the macronuclei?

Answer 19

controls all other aspects bar cell division & DNA replication

Question 20

who does Balantidium coli affect?

what is the pathogenesis of ciliate Balantidium coli?

Answer 20

• immunocompromised
• causes gastroenteritis
• produces extrasomes—> improves ability to feed—>attach to small org—> suck out cytoplasm

Question 21

which organisms does Balantidium coli affect?

Answer 21

humans (if immunocompromised)

and poultry

Question 22

who does apicomplexa infect?

Answer 22

invertebrates and vertebrates

Question 23

what diseases does apicomplexa cause?

Answer 23

malaria, coccidiosis, toxoplasmosis

Question 24

how do apicomplexa obtain nutrition?

what do they lack?

Answer 24

mostly saprozoic
PARASITIC
lack flagella or psuedopods

Question 25

how do apicomplexa respire and excrete?

Answer 25

simple diffusion via cell membrane

Question 26

what can endobiotic bacteria cause?

eg

Answer 26

live inside body and cause damage due to size (eg Giardia attached to intestial wall)

Question 27

endocytobiotic means what?

Answer 27

invades RBC, lives here

Question 28

Cryptosporidiosis causes what?

O requirements?

Answer 28

acute infection

facultative