Vascular Terminology

Question 1

2 risks of plaque

Answer 1

risk of embolization (clots)
risk of hypoperfusion to vessel walls (lesions)

Question 2

one of the major causes of MI, CAD, angina

Answer 2

Atherosclerosis.

inner layer walls of arteries covered in yellowish plaque (lipids, cholesterol, etc)

Question 3

this condition starts as a fatty strake and gradually builds to. a fibrous plaque or atheromatous lesion

Answer 3

atherosclerosis.

Question 4

this disorder. is characterized by thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification of arterial walls. It reduces blood supply to. cerebrum/lower extremities, and is. seen w aging, HTN, and nephrosclerosis, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and scleroderma

Answer 4

arteriosclerosis

Question 5

atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis are used interchangeably? true or false

Answer 5

true

difference is atherosclerosis. is a type of arteriosclerosis

Question 6

what are 2 main types of plaque.

Answer 6

uncomplicated and. complicated

uncomplicated plaque mostly uniform lip and cellular deposit covered by sub endothelial tissue cap

complicated. is made up of plaque. disturbed by degenerative process

Question 7

thin walled. capillaries are known as

Answer 7

vasa vasorum.

Question 8

complicated plaque Is a __________process… (6) characteristics

Answer 8

degenerative process

necrosis
hemorrhage
calcification
thinning or disruption of fibrous cap
disruption of endothelial layer
ulceration

Question 9

most heart attacks and sudden deaths occur with formation of _______

Answer 9

clot. The clot further narrows the stenosis within minutes or seconds and can narrow 80-100%

Question 10

foam cells aka

Answer 10

fat macrophages.

Question 11

calcific/dense lesions look. like on an echo

Answer 11

appear as bright echoes on an US… calcific plaque will always give off shadowing

dense plaque may or may not give off shadowing.

Question 12

diff between calcific vs dense plaque on echo

Answer 12

dense may or may not give. off shadowing
calcific. will give off shadowing

Question 13

this. type of plaque has a. higher. collagen content than fatty plaque and produces a moderately echogenic image

Answer 13

fibrous plaque

Question 14

this type of plaque may be very difficult to see in US and contains a large amount of lipid material and appears very. low in echogenicity

Answer 14

fibrofatty plaque

Question 15

soft plaque. looks like.

Answer 15

darker echo. appearance that m ay refer to fatty or fibrous lesions

Question 16

describing lesions… intimal thickening what is

Answer 16

a small amount. of soft. plaque along arterial wall…
IMT (intima and media thickness) increases. with age but values less than 0.8mm correlate well with the lack of CAD. Thickening greater than 0.8mm may represent the. earliest changes of atherosclerotic dz. Usu refers to carotid system.

Question 17

intimal. thickening greater than

Answer 17

0.8mm correlate with CAD

Question 18

3 ways to describe lesions

Answer 18

1. circumferential
2. scattered diffuse - various places along vessel wall
3. focal - opposite of diffuse (treatment: angioplasty)

Question 19

true. lumen. vs. residual. lumen

Answer 19

true lumen: refers to actual. wall
residual. lumen: referes to. area of vessel that s actually. allowing blood flow.

Question 20

false lumen is. a term used to describe. what

Answer 20

used. to refer to dissection and is between the. dissection flap and vessel wall

Question 21

different types of lesions… smooth vs _______
homogenous vs ________

Answer 21

irregular
heterogeneous

Question 22

Describing lesions… stenosis vs occlusion

Answer 22

stenosis aka obstruction… reduces normal dimensions of blood vessel.

occlusion refers to. lesion. that is completely blocking blood flow in vessel

Question 23

stenosis and obstruction more dangerous than

Answer 23

occlusion

Question 24

2 methods for plaque characterization… what is their purpose

Answer 24

1. blush characterization
2. international classification system

determine the degree of echogenicity w/in the visualized plaque

Question 25

plaque characterization is a key component in determining what?

Answer 25

treatment plans and interventions

Question 26

international plaque classification system.. types 1 and 2 associated with

Answer 26

intraplaque hemorrhage and/or ulceration considered unstable or vulnerable subject to abrupt increase in size following hemorrhage or embolization usu found in symptomatic pts w/ stenosis >70% in diameter

Question 27

international plaque classification system.. types 3 and 4

Answer 27

generally composed of fibrous tissue and/or calcification generally more benign type of plaque plaque more stable common to see in asymptomatic pts more common to see echogenic (homo) plaques than sonolucent (hetero)

Question 28

color coding map that displays wide range of velocities

Answer 28

variance

Question 29

laminar flow

Answer 29

typical blood flow seen in normal artery where blood flow in central portion of lumen is moving. faster than blood moving next to arterial w all

Question 30

used to sign blood flow at a certain velocity with a specific color

Answer 30

tag

Question 31

*venous anatomy* coapt

Answer 31

to meet/join. normal veins should be compressible w probe pressure or internal pressure changes

Question 32

*venous anatomy* recanalized

Answer 32

channel of blood flow that has formed through blood clot . More indicative of a chronic blood clotWhat

Question 33

channel of blood flow that is more indicative of a chronic blood clot

Answer 33

recanalized

Question 34

*venous anatomy*

Answer 34

blood clot obstructs the vessels lumen but it does not completely block it

Question 35

which is more dangerous chronic or acute thrombosis

Answer 35

acute

Question 36

chronic thrombus echo. appearance

Answer 36

tend to be brightly echo dense, heterogenous, striated echoes with a small. atrophied. appearance of vessel...

Question 37

pulsatility _____ vs ______

Answer 37

sharp vs dampened

Question 37

acute thrombus echo appearance

Answer 37

tend to. look softly echogenic, homogenous, lightly. speckled echoes. with a distended vessel... these signs are compatible with each. pathological process but not absolute. indicators

Question 38

sharp vs dampened pulsatility based on

Answer 38

based on the amount of peripheral resistance those vessels are facing (vascular bed they are feeding)

Question 39

multiphase vs. monophasic blood flow... where is each one normal... abnormal ?

Answer 39

multiphasic is normal in extremities (monophonic abnormal) monophasic is normal in carotid, hepatic artery (multiphasic abnormal)

Question 40

Is there CW in. vascular?

Answer 40

no