cardiovascular exam #3 Flashcards
all of the following affect flow volume except
flow direction
which of the following varies directly with flow volume?
-pressure gradient
-tube length
-fluid viscosity
-fluid direction
pressure gradient
according to poiseuille’s law, which of the following varies directly with flow volume?
-tube diameter
-tube length
-fluid viscosity
-fluid direction
tube length
According to poiseuille’s law, which of the following varies inversely with flow volume?
-pressure gradient
-tube diameter
-tube length
-fluid direction
tube length.
According to poiseuille’s law, which of the following varies inversely. with flow volume?
-pressure gradient
-tube diameter
-fluid viscosity
-fluid direction
fluid viscosity
As the pressure gradient increases, flow volume
increases
as tube diameter increases, flow volume
increases
As fluid viscosity increases, flow volume
decreases
According to poiseuille’s law, which of the following has the greatest effect on flow volume?
tube diameter
All of the following will increase overall flow resistance in a tube except
-decrease tube radius
-increase fluid viscosity
-increase tube length
-change in flow direction
change in flow direction
Which of the following will have the greatest effect on overall flow resistance?
tube radius
flow in which fluid layers slide over each other in a smooth, orderly manner is
laminar
laminar flow is considered
normal
the type of flow where all velocities are equal at all radical distances from the center of the tube is
inlet
inlet flow is also called
plug
the type of flow where the fluid particles move smoothly and are parallel to one another is
laminar
the type of flow that may develop at an area of stenosis or vessel bifurcation is
disturbed
all of the following are types of laminar flow except
turbulent
the type of flow present when fluid particles move in multiple directions and velocities is
turbulent
turbulent flow is considered
abnormal
the number that may be used to predict when turbulent flow will occur is
Reynolds
for cardiovascular applications which of the following have the greatest effect on when turbulent flow will occur?
flow speed, tube diameter
the principle that suggests that there will be an increase in kinetic energy with a decrease in pressure at the site of an obstruction is
Bernoulli
the Bernoulli equation predicts a (the)
pressure gradient
In clinical imaging ultrasound, all of the following components of the Bernoulli equation are ignored except
(V2) squared
The simplified Bernoulli equation is
4 x (V2) squared
All of the following are considered pitfalls of the simplified Bernoulli equation except
short, discrete stenosis
The pressure gradient between the right ventricle and the right atrium in a patient with a tricuspid regurgitation velocity of 3.0 m/s is
36 mm Hg
The peak aortic velocity in a patient with valvular aortic stenosis is determined to be 5.0 m/s. The left ventricular outflow tract velocity is 2.0 m/s. The peak pressure gradient utilizing the lengthened Bernoulli equation is
84 mm Hg
All of the following are possible clinical pitfalls when using the simplified Bernoulli equation of 4 x (V2)squared except:
-ignoring the V1 velocity
-tunnel like stenosis
-stenosis in a series.
-ignoring convective acceleration
ignoring convective acceleration
All of the following may cause a discrepancy between a Doppler derived pressure gradient and a cardiac catheterization derived pressure gradient except:
-comparison of the cardiac cath peak to peak gradient with the Doppler peak pressure gradient
-failure to consider the proximal velocity
-pressure recovery phenomenon
-interception blood flow at 0 degrees
intercepting blood flow at 0 degrees
The inability of the heart to meet the metabolic demands of the body is
congestive heart failure
All of the following may cause of congestive heart failure except:
-aortic dilatation
-myocardial damage
-pressure/volume overload
-diastolic dysfunction
aortic dilatation
Aortic stenosis initially results in a
ventricular pressure overload
pulmonary stenosis initially results in a
ventricular pressure overload
mitral stenosis initially results in a
pressure overload of the left atrium
tricuspid stenosis initially results in a
right atrial pressure overload
aortic regurgitation initially results in a
ventricular volume overload
pulmonary regurgitation initially results in a
ventricular volume overload
mitral regurgitation initially results in a
volume overload of the left heart
tricuspid regurgitation initially results in a
volume overload of the right heart
an atrial septal defect will result in a volume overload of all of the following except
left atrium
a ventricular septal defect will results in a volume overload of all of the following except
right ventricle
a patent ductus arteriosus will result in a volume overload of all of the following except
right ventricle
intrinsic pulmonary disease may result in
cor pulmonale
cardiac tamponade may result in all of the following except:
-diastolic equalization of intracardiac pressures
-systolic equalization of intracardiac pressures
-diastolic collapse of the right atrium
-inferior vena cava plethora
systolic equalization of intracardiac pressures
constrictive pericarditis may result in all of the following except:
-abnormal thickening of the pericardium
-decreased ventricular diastolic filling
-decreased stroke volume
-ventricular volume overload
ventricular volume overload
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy initially results in a
left ventricular pressure overload
dilated cardiomyopathy initially results in a
volume overload of the ventricles/atria
Identify
