cardiovascular exam #3

Question 1

all of the following affect flow volume except

Answer 1

flow direction

Question 2

which of the following varies directly with flow volume?
-pressure gradient
-tube length
-fluid viscosity
-fluid direction

Answer 2

pressure gradient

Question 3

according to poiseuille’s law, which of the following varies directly with flow volume?
-tube diameter
-tube length
-fluid viscosity
-fluid direction

Answer 3

tube length

Question 4

According to poiseuille’s law, which of the following varies inversely with flow volume?
-pressure gradient
-tube diameter
-tube length
-fluid direction

Answer 4

tube length.

Question 5

According to poiseuille’s law, which of the following varies inversely. with flow volume?
-pressure gradient
-tube diameter
-fluid viscosity
-fluid direction

Answer 5

fluid viscosity

Question 6

As the pressure gradient increases, flow volume

Answer 6

increases

Question 7

as tube diameter increases, flow volume

Answer 7

increases

Question 8

As fluid viscosity increases, flow volume

Answer 8

decreases

Question 9

According to poiseuille’s law, which of the following has the greatest effect on flow volume?

Answer 9

tube diameter

Question 10

All of the following will increase overall flow resistance in a tube except
-decrease tube radius
-increase fluid viscosity
-increase tube length
-change in flow direction

Answer 10

change in flow direction

Question 11

Which of the following will have the greatest effect on overall flow resistance?

Answer 11

tube radius

Question 12

flow in which fluid layers slide over each other in a smooth, orderly manner is

Answer 12

laminar

Question 13

laminar flow is considered

Answer 13

normal

Question 14

the type of flow where all velocities are equal at all radical distances from the center of the tube is

Answer 14

inlet

Question 15

inlet flow is also called

Answer 15

plug

Question 16

the type of flow where the fluid particles move smoothly and are parallel to one another is

Answer 16

laminar

Question 17

the type of flow that may develop at an area of stenosis or vessel bifurcation is

Answer 17

disturbed

Question 18

all of the following are types of laminar flow except

Answer 18

turbulent

Question 19

the type of flow present when fluid particles move in multiple directions and velocities is

Answer 19

turbulent

Question 20

turbulent flow is considered

Answer 20

abnormal

Question 21

the number that may be used to predict when turbulent flow will occur is

Answer 21

Reynolds

Question 22

for cardiovascular applications which of the following have the greatest effect on when turbulent flow will occur?

Answer 22

flow speed, tube diameter

Question 23

the principle that suggests that there will be an increase in kinetic energy with a decrease in pressure at the site of an obstruction is

Answer 23

Bernoulli

Question 24

the Bernoulli equation predicts a (the)

Answer 24

pressure gradient

Question 25

In clinical imaging ultrasound, all of the following components of the Bernoulli equation are ignored except

Answer 25

(V2) squared

Question 26

The simplified Bernoulli equation is

Answer 26

4 x (V2) squared

Question 27

All of the following are considered pitfalls of the simplified Bernoulli equation except

Answer 27

short, discrete stenosis

Question 28

The pressure gradient between the right ventricle and the right atrium in a patient with a tricuspid regurgitation velocity of 3.0 m/s is

Answer 28

36 mm Hg

Question 29

The peak aortic velocity in a patient with valvular aortic stenosis is determined to be 5.0 m/s. The left ventricular outflow tract velocity is 2.0 m/s. The peak pressure gradient utilizing the lengthened Bernoulli equation is

Answer 29

84 mm Hg

Question 30

All of the following are possible clinical pitfalls when using the simplified Bernoulli equation of 4 x (V2)squared except: -ignoring the V1 velocity -tunnel like stenosis -stenosis in a series. -ignoring convective acceleration

Answer 30

ignoring convective acceleration

Question 31

All of the following may cause a discrepancy between a Doppler derived pressure gradient and a cardiac catheterization derived pressure gradient except: -comparison of the cardiac cath peak to peak gradient with the Doppler peak pressure gradient -failure to consider the proximal velocity -pressure recovery phenomenon -interception blood flow at 0 degrees

Answer 31

intercepting blood flow at 0 degrees

Question 32

The inability of the heart to meet the metabolic demands of the body is

Answer 32

congestive heart failure

Question 33

All of the following may cause of congestive heart failure except: -aortic dilatation -myocardial damage -pressure/volume overload -diastolic dysfunction

Answer 33

aortic dilatation

Question 34

Aortic stenosis initially results in a

Answer 34

ventricular pressure overload

Question 35

pulmonary stenosis initially results in a

Answer 35

ventricular pressure overload

Question 36

mitral stenosis initially results in a

Answer 36

pressure overload of the left atrium

Question 37

tricuspid stenosis initially results in a

Answer 37

right atrial pressure overload

Question 38

aortic regurgitation initially results in a

Answer 38

ventricular volume overload

Question 39

pulmonary regurgitation initially results in a

Answer 39

ventricular volume overload

Question 40

mitral regurgitation initially results in a

Answer 40

volume overload of the left heart

Question 41

tricuspid regurgitation initially results in a

Answer 41

volume overload of the right heart

Question 42

an atrial septal defect will result in a volume overload of all of the following except

Answer 42

left atrium

Question 43

a ventricular septal defect will results in a volume overload of all of the following except

Answer 43

right ventricle

Question 44

a patent ductus arteriosus will result in a volume overload of all of the following except

Answer 44

right ventricle

Question 45

intrinsic pulmonary disease may result in

Answer 45

cor pulmonale

Question 46

cardiac tamponade may result in all of the following except: -diastolic equalization of intracardiac pressures -systolic equalization of intracardiac pressures -diastolic collapse of the right atrium -inferior vena cava plethora

Answer 46

systolic equalization of intracardiac pressures

Question 47

constrictive pericarditis may result in all of the following except: -abnormal thickening of the pericardium -decreased ventricular diastolic filling -decreased stroke volume -ventricular volume overload

Answer 47

ventricular volume overload

Question 48

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy initially results in a

Answer 48

left ventricular pressure overload

Question 49

dilated cardiomyopathy initially results in a

Answer 49

volume overload of the ventricles/atria

Question 50

Identify

Answer 50