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TERM 3 BIOL2292 PATHO 2 > VASCULAR LECTURE 2: Arterial & venous conditions > Flashcards

VASCULAR LECTURE 2: Arterial & venous conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What causes an aneurysm in atherosclerosis?

A

Weakening of arterial wall through growth and remodelling of plaques

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2
Q

What is the term for thrombi that form along the edge of atherosclerosis plaque?

A

Mural thrombi

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3
Q

What are 3 potential consequences of mural thrombi?

A
  1. Further narrowing of vessel
  2. Thrombus incorporates into plaque
  3. Embolism
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4
Q

What is the term for a test comparing the blood pressure in the upper and lower limbs?

A

Ankle-brachial index

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5
Q

Explain the difference between an aortic aneurysm, dissection, and rupture

A
  1. Aneurysm: swelling or bulging of the aorta due to weakened wall
  2. Dissection: Tear in the weakened wall, causing blood to leak between layers
  3. Rupture: All layers of the aortic wall tear
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6
Q

What is the term for cramping pain in the leg induced by exercise that is typically caused by aterial obstruction?

A

Claudication

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7
Q

Which medications lower LDL cholesterol levels by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis?

A

Statins

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8
Q

What are 3 other pharmalogical treatments for atherosclerosis?

A
  1. Antihypertensives
  2. Antithrombotics
  3. Antiglycemics
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9
Q

What surgical procedure involves rerouting blood flow around a blocked arterial segment?

A

Vascular bypass surgery

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10
Q

What surgical procedure involves using a balloon to stretch open a narrowed/blocked artery?

A

Angioplasty/stenting

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11
Q

What surgical procedure removes plaque from a narrowed/blocked artery?

A

Endarterectomy

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12
Q

What are 2 complications of peripheral artery disease?

A
  1. Infection
  2. Gangrene
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13
Q

What is the ABI value to diagnose peripheral artery disease?

A

less than 0.9

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14
Q

What kind of aneurysm involves the formation of a hematoma within extravascular connective tissue?

A

False aneurysm

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15
Q

What kind of aneurysm are most common in the brain?

A

Berry aneurysm

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16
Q

Other than atherosclerosis and hypertension, what are 3 causes of aneurysm?

A
  1. Intrinsic quality of vascular wall is poor (genetic)
  2. Inflammation alters balance of collagen synthesis and degradation (genetic or due to infection e.g. syphilis)
  3. Trauma
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17
Q

What are 4 places of the thoracic aorta where aneurysm can develop?

A
  1. Aortic root
  2. Ascending aorta
  3. Aortic arch
  4. Descending aorta
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18
Q

What is the most common type of aortic aneurysm?

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)

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19
Q

What kind of true aneurysm bulges on only one side of the vessel?

A

Saccular

20
Q

What kind of true aneurysm bulges on both sides of the vessel?

A

Fusiform

21
Q

What are 3 signs and symptoms of AAA?

A
  1. Usually asymptomatic
  2. Abdominal or lower back pain
  3. Pulsatile abdominal mass
22
Q

What are 3 signs and symptoms of TAA?

A
  1. Usually asymptomatic
  2. Dyspnea/cough
  3. Valvular insufficiency
23
Q

Other than rupture, what are 3 consequences of aortic aneurysm?

A
  1. Obstruction of branch vessel
  2. Embolism
  3. Impingement on adjacent structures
24
Q

What is a potential iatrogenic cause of aortic dissection?

A

Angioplasty/stenting

25
Q

What are 4 signs and symptoms of aortic dissection?

A
  1. Sudden ripping pain in chest/back
  2. Hypotension/syncope
  3. Ischemia to extremities
  4. MI, valvular damage
26
Q

What are 2 potential consequences for aortic dissection?

A
  1. Propagation of dissection into adjoining vessels
  2. Rupture and hemorrhage
27
Q

What are 2 treatments for aortic dissection?

A
  1. Antihypertensives
  2. Excision of tear and vascular grafting
28
Q

What is the term for episodes of excessive vasoconstriction of digital arteries/arterioles to cold temperature or emotional stress?

A

Raynaud’s syndrome

29
Q

What kind of Raynaud’s is idiopathic and due to hyperreactivity of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Primary

30
Q

What kind of Raynaud’s occurs as a result of another condition, such as lupus, atherosclerosis, environmental factors, or drug use?

A

Secondary

31
Q

What kind of skin colour changes may be observed in Raynaud’s syndrome?

A
  1. White attack
  2. Blue attack
  3. Erythema when blood flow restored
32
Q

What kind of pharmacological treatments are used in Raynaud’s?

A
  1. CCBs
  2. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
  3. Topical nitrates
33
Q

What is a generalized term referring to inflammation and necrosis of blood vessels?

A

Vasculitis

34
Q

How are types of vasculitis classified?

A

Cause, location, type of vessel, size of vessel

35
Q

What kind of vasculitis involves immune attack on endothelial cells due to the deposit of immune complexes/antibodies?

A

Non-infectious

36
Q

What kind of vasculitis involves pathogens invading the blood vessel wall, or antigenic mimicry?

A

Infectious

37
Q

What are 3 signs/symptoms of immune related vasculitis?

A
  1. Systemic signs of inflammation
  2. Palpable purpura
  3. Blood pressure or pulse alterations
38
Q

How is immune related vasculitis treated?

A

Glucocorticoids/other immunosuppressants

39
Q

What condition involves abnormally dilated superficial veins?

A

Varicose veins/varicosities

40
Q

What are 3 causes of varicosities?

A
  1. Chronically increased intraluminal pressure
  2. Weakened vessel walls
  3. Valve incompetence
41
Q

What are 4 complications of varicosities?

A
  1. Deep venous insufficiency
  2. Edema and pain
  3. Thrombosis
  4. Ischemia leading to dermatitis and ulceration
42
Q

Why may the skin overlying areas of varicosities appear darkly pigmented?

A

Accumulation of hemosiderin

43
Q

What treatment for varicosities involves injecting a solution to constrict veins?

A

Sclerotherapy

44
Q

What treatment for varicosities involves using a laser to shrink and seal off the vein with scar tissue?

A

Endovenous laser treatment

45
Q

What condition involves a thrombus in a vein accompanied by inflammation of the vessel wall?

A

Thrombophlebitis (phlebothrombosis)

(most common type: DVT)

TERM 3 BIOL2292 PATHO 2 (19 decks)

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