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Vascular II > Vascular Diseases > Flashcards

Vascular Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Stroke caused by (6)

A 
Atrial fib
Atherosclerosis
High BP
Vasospasm
FMD
Radiation induced vasculopathy
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2
Q 
Underlying condition of ISCHEMIC STROKE (1) 
OBSTRUCTION types (2)
A

Atherosclerosis

  • central thrombosis (blood clot in brain)
  • central embolism (blood clot breaks loose)
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3
Q

VASOSPASM

  • what is it
  • what is it associated with (in what time frame)
A

A blood vessel that contracts causing less blood flow

4-10 days after a subarachnoid hemorrhage

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4
Q

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

  • what is it
  • m/f dominance
  • symptoms
A

An abnormal connection between arteries and veins, bypassing the capillary system
Bypasses normal brain tissue
Diverts blood from the arteries to the veins
- male predominance
- (20-25%) focal/generalized seizures, (15%) difficulty with movement, speech, vision

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5
Q

ANEURYSM CEREBRAL

  • risk factors (2)
  • m/f dominance
  • complications (4)
A

RF: hypertension, drug abuse (alcohol, coke, smoking)
Female predominance
Complications: (serious: hemorrhagic stroke, permanent nerve damage, death) or a subarachnoid hemorrhage

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6
Q

What can ATRIAL FIBRILLATION cause? How? What can this lead to?

A

Atrial fib, (irregular heart beat) can cause cardiac thrombus
Blood pools in the atria and is not completely pumped into the ventricles - causes thrombus
Thus the source of emboli (in 1/4 pts)

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7
Q

T/F A. FIBRILLATION is the most common type of arrhythmia

A

True

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8
Q

LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION / CHF is associated with increased risk of (2) which can lead to _____
What is the treatment?

A

Thrombus formation
Stroke
Lead to Embolism
Tx: anti-coagulation therapy

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9
Q

CARDIAC THROMBUS - right heart indication

A

Doubles mortality up to 29%, requires more aggressive tx (embollectomy / lyric therapy)

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10
Q

Cardiac thrombi may be seen following (4)

A

Ventricular dysfunction
Cardiomyopathy
Myocardial infarction
Ventricular aneurysm

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11
Q

Non-atherosclerotic vascular disease (8)

A 
Dissection
Arteriovenous fistula (AVF)
Fibromuscular disease (FMD)
Takayasu’s arteritis
Pseudoaneurysm
Giant cell arteritis
Buerger’s disease
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12
Q

What is the most common cause of STROKE in YOUNG ADULTS

A

Carotid artery dissection

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13
Q

CAROTID ARTERY DISSECTION - where does it ORIGINATE and EXTEND

A

Aortic arch, extends into the bifurcation

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14
Q

DISSECTION-SPONTANEOUS risk factors (2 + specifics)

A

Fam Hx stroke
Hereditary connective tissue disorder (Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, ADPKD, Fibromuscular dysplasia, Osteogenesis imperfecta)

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15
Q

T/F

DISSECTION-TRAUMATIC is more common than SPONTANEOUS

A

True - of the head/neck

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16
Q

TRAUMATIC DISSECTION-how does it occur?

A

hyper extension/rotation of the neck stretches ICA over cervical vertebrae = intimal tear

Blood enters space between layers of the vessel = false lumen = stenosis/occlusion

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17
Q

What can cause emboli?

A

Dissection
Cardiac thrombi
Atrial fibrillation

18
Q

DISSECTION TX

A

Prevent development/continuation of neurological deficits

Observation, anticoagulation, stent implantation, carotid artery ligation

19
Q

DOUBLE LUMEN SIGN represents

A

Arterial dissection

20
Q

ANEURYSM vs PSEUDOANEURYSM

A

True aneurysm = all artery wall layers are intact but stretched

Pseudoaneurysm = hematoma that forms from a leaking hole in arterial wall. Contained by the surrounding tissues. Communicates with the artery

21
Q

A patient presents with a PULPABLE PULSALTILE MASS - what do you suspect?

A

Pseudoaneurysm

22
Q

CCA PSEUDOANEURYSMs caused by (3)

A

Blunt/penetrating trauma
Infection and vasculitis
Iatrogenic

23
Q

ICA PSEUDOANEURYSMS caused by (4)

A

Penetrating trauma
H/N surgeries
Carotid endarterectomies
Metastatic LN/neoplasms

24
Q

DOPPLER PSEUDOANEURYSM

A

Bidirectional turbulent flow within the neck containing the vessel to the pseudoaneurysm

25
Q

AVF almost always CAUSED by (1)

A

Trauma (violent/iatrogenic)

26
Q

Common AVF is seen between which vessels? Where does a blood flow to/from?

A

Subclavian ARTERY to Internal Jugular VEIN

27
Q

AVF FLOW pattern at

  • prox AVF
  • injured artery distal to AVF
  • vein
A

Prox: AVF monophasic
Distal artery: normal pulsatility
Vein: ‘arterialized’ /pulsatile flow signal, lack of respiratory phasicity, high velocity

28
Q

CAROTID BODY TUMOUR

  • what are they
  • sono appearance
  • where are they located
  • tx
A

Paragangliomas
Ovoid, 1-1.5 mm, ICA/ECA appear splayed
Adventitia of carotid (ICA/ECA) bifurcation
Resection

29
Q

PALPABLE NECK MASS with HEADACHE suggests what?

A

Carotid body tumour

30
Q

FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA

  • m/f predominance
  • most common site
  • presentations (2)
  • sono app
A

Female X3
Renal arteries, then ICA
Systemic hypertension (RA stenosis) or transient cerebral Ischemic (carotid involv)
Moderate flow disturbance, PSV 200cm/s

31
Q

STRING OF BEADS on angiogram

A

FMD

32
Q

YING-YANG sign

A

Pseudoaneurysm

33
Q

Palpable THRILL

A

Traumatic AVF

Soft tissue motion induced by the turbulent flow through the fistula

34
Q

TAKAYASU’s ARTERITIS

  • aka
  • form of
  • m/f predominance
  • presents as
  • sonographic sings
  • Mainly affects what sites
A

Aortic arch syndrome/ pulseless disease
Form of granulomatous vasculitis (inflammation of cutaneous vessels)
Females x9 (15-30 yrs)
Pulseless upper extremities (malaise, fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, syncope, SSS)

Intimal fibrosis/vascular narrowing
Brachiocephalic, LT CCA, LT SCA, pulm A

35
Q

GIANT CELL ARTERIRTIS

  • aka
  • m/f predominance
  • pt presents
  • serious complication
  • sonographic apparearance
A

Temporal arteritis/ Horton disease
Female 2x
Inflammatory disease branches of the head (ECA)
Bruits, headaches, visual disturbances, scalp tender
Opthalmic artery occlusion
Halo sign

36
Q

“HALO” SIGN represents what disease

A

Giant cell arteritis

37
Q

BUERGER’S DISEASE

  • aka
  • m/f predominance
  • caused by
  • causes
  • sono app
A

Thromboangitis obliterates (TAO)
Young males
Heavy cigarette addiction
Extremely painful affecting upper/lower digits
Normal smooth walled arteries to sudden/distal occlusion

38
Q

WHO is at INCREASED risk for RADIATION-INDUCED arterial injury (3)

A

Lymphoma ca pts
Breast ca pts
HN ca pts

39
Q

RADIATION THERAPY increases risk for (2)

A

Myocardial infarction

Stroke

40
Q

A course of RADIATION THERAPY can initiate a chronic vascular process that leads to clinical events ________ (time frame) after treatment due to ______

A

Many years due to inflammation

Vascular II (22 decks)

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