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Citow - Pathology and Radiology > Vascular Disease > Flashcards

Vascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Atherosclerotic plaques form most commonly at the ______.

A

ICA bifurcation and distal basilar artery

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2
Q

The formation of an atherosclerotic plaque is usually initiated by _____ leading to increase in ____.

A

subtle intimal injury permeability of lipoproteins

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3
Q

What percent of the population has a complete circle of willis?

A

20%

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4
Q

What is the most common cause of TIA?

A

platelet–fibrin embolus from an ulcerative atherosclerotic plaque

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5
Q

What is the most cause of death in stroke patients?

A

MI

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6
Q

What are Gitter cells?

A

lipid laden macrophages seen on day 5-7 following ischemic stroke

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7
Q

What is pseudolaminar cortical necrosis?

A

caused by generalized hypoxia; middle cortical layers are affected (layers 3, 5, and 6)

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8
Q

Lacunar strokes count for ______ percent of strokes.

A

20

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9
Q

Moyamoya in children usually presents with _____ and in adults with _____.

A

ischemia/transient weakness hemorrhage

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10
Q

Which NF is associated with multi-vascular abnormalities?

A

NF 1

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11
Q

Klippel Traneuy Weber is associated with what vascular abnormality?

A

spinal AVMs and carotid aplasia

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12
Q

What is seen on angiogram in fibromuscular dysplasia?

A

string of beads appearance

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13
Q

FMD most commonly affects which vessels?

A

cervical ICA (75%), vertebral artery (25%), and renal arteries

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14
Q

What does CADASIL stand for?

A

Cerebral autosomal dominant inherited arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy

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15
Q

What mutation is associated with CADASIL?

A

notch 3 gene on Ch 19

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16
Q

Where is the most common place for carotid dissection?

A

2 cm above the carotid bulb

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17
Q

What is the most common place for vertebral artery dissection?

A

between C2 and occiput

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18
Q

What is Raeder’s syndrome?

A

Unilateral headache and face pain of the V1 and V2 distributions and Horner’s syndrome ICA may be narrowed by sinusitis, arteritis, or dissection

19
Q

What is the most common necrotic vasculitis with CNS lesions?

A

polyarteritis nodosa

20
Q

What is polyarteritis nodosa?

A

necrotic vasculitis; affects small and medium sized arteries causes polyneuropathy by obliteration of vaso nervosum, microaneurysms (70%), skin purpura, renal dysfunction

21
Q

What is seen on pathology for temporal arteritis?

A

mononuclear cell inflammation of all three layers with multinucleated giant cells and resorption of the internal elastic lamina

22
Q

Steroids in temporal arteritis has what outcome?

A

decreases risk of blindness

23
Q

What is takayasu arteritis?

A

occlusive thromboaortopathy with giant cell arteritis affecting the aortaand its branches and the pulmonary arteries causing stenosis and aneurysms decreased peripheral pulses (pulseless disease)

24
Q

How do you treat Wegner’s granulomatosus?

A

cyclophosphamide

25
Q

Which vasculitis is closely linked with smoking?

A

Buerger disease

26
Q

What is Behcet disease?

A

recurrent inflammatory disease with male predominance that affects arteries and veins characterized by oral and genital ulcers, UC, aneurysm thrombophlebitis, erythema nodosum, polyarthritis

27
Q

What is the triad of TTP? Pentad?

A

severe thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and neurologic dysfunction fever and renal dysfunction

28
Q

What causes TTP?

A

deficiency in ADAMTS13, von-Willibrand factor protease

29
Q

What are Charcot Bouchard aneurysms?

A

form on the lenticulostriate arteries dilated perivascular spaces, état lacunaire (in the centrum semiovale), and état criblé (in the basal ganglia), which form lacunae with gliosis but no symptoms can cause hypertensive ICH

30
Q

What is Binswanger disease?

A

form on the lenticulostriate arteries. There are dilated perivascular spaces, état lacunaire (in the centrum semiovale), and état criblé (in the basal ganglia), which form lacunae with gliosis but no symptoms

31
Q

How does blood apear on MRI in the different stages?

A
32
Q

What are the five most common areas for hypertensive hemorrhages?

A

putamen (60%), thalamus (20%), pons (10%), cerebellum (near the dentate, 5%), and subcortical white matter (2%)

33
Q

Amyloid is ______ on birefringence when stained with _____.

A

yellow-green

congo red dye

34
Q

What is seen on pathology for amyloid angiopathy?

A

Blood vessels become dilated with thick walls containing pink amorphous material

35
Q

What percent of MI patients treated with thrombolytics develop intracranial hemorrhage? What’s the mortality?

A

1%

60% mortality

36
Q

Why does the germinal matrix hemorrhage in premature infactns?

A

involutes by week 36 usually,. hemorrhage from hypoxia/ischemia of the deep border zone that supplies the germinal matrix

37
Q

What is the grading for germinal matrix hemorrhages?

A

Grade 1: limited to the germinal matrix.

Grade 2: blood in the ventricles, but no increase in ventricular size.

Grade 3: blood in the ventricles with hydrocephalus.

Grade 4: intraparenchymal extension of the hemorrhage

38
Q

What is seen on pathology with capillary telangiectasias?

A

multiple normal sized thin vascular spaces, without muscle in the wall, with normal brain in between

39
Q

In HHT, the mucocutaenous lesions are ______ and the brain lesions are _____.

A

telangiectasia

AVM

40
Q

What is the most common vasculature malformation?

A

venous malformations

41
Q

What is the most common location for a venous malformation?

A

at the angle of the ventricle

42
Q

Multiple vascular malformations are associated with what syndrome?

A

blue rubber nevus syndrome

43
Q

Venous varixes are associated with _____.

A

AVMs

44
Q

What is a sinus pericranii?

A

A large communication between intracranial and extracranial veins; congenital or traumatic

soft mass that changes with head position

Citow - Pathology and Radiology (16 decks)

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