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Hematology & Anaphylaxis > Vascular Anatomy > Flashcards

Vascular Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the broad definition of blood vessels?

A

They are the channels where blood is distributed throughout the body to the tissues

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2
Q

How many closed vessel systems are in the body?

A

Two

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3
Q

What are the two closed vessel systems in the body?

A

Pulmonary vessels

Systemic vessels

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4
Q

How are vessels classified? (3)

A

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

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5
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

To carry blood away from the heart

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6
Q

What do arteries typically contain?

A

Oxygenated blood

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7
Q

What is the total blood volume that is in the arteries?

A

Approx 10%

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8
Q

What are the three layers that arteries are composed of?

A 
Tunica Intima (Inner)
Tunica Media (Middle)
Tunica Externa/Adventitia (Outer)
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9
Q

What is the arterial tunica intima made of?

A

Continuous smooth lining of endothelium cells

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10
Q

What is the arterial tunica media made of?

A

Smooth muscle

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11
Q

What is the vasa vasorum?

A

It provides the blood supply to the artery

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12
Q

Where is the vasa vasorum located?

A

It is located in the arterial tunica media

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13
Q

What is the arterial tunica externa made of?

A

Strong flexible tissue which helps hold the vessel open and prevents tearing during movement

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14
Q

What are the five important arteries we should know in the upper extremities?

A 
Common carotid artery
Brachiocephalic artery
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Ulnar artery
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15
Q

What are the five important arteries in the lower extremities?

A 
Abdominal aorta
Common iliac artery
Femoral artery
Posterior tibial artery
Anterior tibial artery
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16
Q

What is the name of the arterial system that feeds the brain?

A

Circle of Willis

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17
Q

What is special about the aorta? (2)

A

It is the largest artery

Its branches lead to all the organs of the body, supplying them with oxygen and nutrients

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18
Q

How many regions of the aorta are there?

A

Four

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19
Q

What are the four regions of the aorta?

A

Ascending aorta
Arch of the aorta
Thoracic aorta
Abdominal aorta

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20
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

They carry blood towards the heart

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21
Q

What do veins carry?

A

They typically carry deoxygenated blood

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22
Q

How much blood volume do veins hold?

A

Approx 70%

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23
Q

What are the three layers of veins?

A 
Tunica Intima (Inner)
Tunica Media (Middle)
Tunica Externa/Adventitia (Outer)
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24
Q

What is the function of the vein’s tunica intima?

A

It has endothelium cells that produce semi-lunar valves

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25
Q

What is the function of the vein’s tunica media?

A

It has the smooth muscle layer, which is much thinner than the arteries

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26
Q

What is the function of the vein’s tunica externa?

A

Protection

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27
Q

What is the venous blood reservoir?

A

It allows for accommodation of large amounts of blood with no change in the blood pressure

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28
Q

When discussing the venous blood reservoir, what is capacitance?

A

It gives the vein’s the capacity to stretch

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29
Q

What are the five major veins in the hand and wrist?

A 
Digital dorsal (Finger)
Dorsal metacarpal (Between knuckles, going back towards wrist)
Dorsal venous network (Remaining rest of back of hand and wrist)
Cephalic vein (radial vein)
Basilic vein (ulnar vein)
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30
Q

What are the six major veins of the arm?

A

Cephalic (thumb side, upper arm)
Median cubital (pinky finger, upper arm)
Accessory cephalic (ACF)
Basilic (Pinky side of ACF)
Distal portion of cephalic (thumb side of forearm)
Distal median antebrachial (pinky side of forearm)

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31
Q

What are capillaries?

A

They are the connection between the arteries and the veins

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32
Q

What are capillaries composed of?

A

Only endothelium tissue

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33
Q

What is the total blood volume of the capillaries?

A

Approx 5%

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34
Q

Who believed that the heart was a ‘sucking’ organ?

A

Galen

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35
Q

What are capillaries composed of?

A

Endothelium tissue

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36
Q

What is the vital role that capillaries play?

A

The exchange of gases, nutrients and waste between blood and the tissues

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37
Q

How thick are capillaries?

A

One cell thick

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38
Q

What are fenestrations in capillaries?

A

Small holes that allow fluid to move across the membrane

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39
Q

Blood flow into the capillaries is regulated by smooth muscle, what is this called?

A

Pre-capillary sphincters

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40
Q

If the blood flow in capillaries is constricted, it is directed through metarterioles. What is this process called?

A

Arteriovenous anastomoses or AV shunting

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41
Q

What is capillary microcirculation?

A

It is where 90% of fluid is returned to the system and 10% is collected by lymphatic vessels and returned to circulation in the venous system

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42
Q

What is blood flow? (2)

A

It is the movement of blood through the body

It moves from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

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43
Q

Where is the area of the highest pressure in blood flow?

A

The systolic contraction of the heart

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44
Q

Where is the area of the lowest pressure in blood flow?

A

It is found in the vena cava as it enters the right atrium.

The pressure in the right atrium is known as the central venous pressure

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45
Q

What is blood velocity?

A

It is the rate at which the blood flows

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46
Q

Where is the blood velocity the greatest?

A

In the aorta

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47
Q

Where is the blood velocity the slowest?

A

In the capillaries

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48
Q

What are the three things venous return is dependant on? (3)

A

Muscle action

Respiratory movements

Contraction of veins

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49
Q

What is the average blood volume?

A

70ml/kg

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50
Q

What is the average blood volume for an adult female?

A

4-5 Liters

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51
Q

What is the average blood volume for an adult male?

A

5-6 Liters

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52
Q

How much does the total blood volume account for in the total body weight?

A

Approx 8%

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53
Q

What are the three activities of blood?

A

Transportation

Regulation

Protection

54
Q

What does the blood do when its transporting? (2)

A

It is carrying O2, CO2 and waste products to the lungs and kidneys

Carries hormones from endocrine system to target tissues

55
Q

What is the blood doing when it is regulating? (3)

A

It maintains body temperature

Fluid and electrolyte balance (pertaining to osmotic pressure)

Functions with pH regulation with buffers

56
Q

What is the blood doing when its protecting? (3)

A

It provides clotting mechanisms

Infection control (WBC)

Antibodies are found in the blood

57
Q

What is the percentages and composition of blood? (2)

A

Plasma - 55%

Formed elements - 45%

58
Q

What are the formed elements of the blood composed of? (3)

A

Leukocytes

Thrombocytes (Platelets)

Erythrocytes (largest portion)

59
Q

What is the normal percentage of hematocrit in an adult male?

A

40-54%

60
Q

What is the normal percentage of hematocrit in an adult female?

A

38-47%

61
Q

What is anemia?

A

A decrease in red blood cells

62
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

An increase in red blood cells

63
Q

What is a common cause of polycythemia?

A

High altitudes

64
Q

The formed elements in the blood are formed from a ________?

A

Hemocytoblast

65
Q

What is the most abundant type of formed element?

A

Erythrocytes

66
Q

What is the basic shape of erythrocytes?

A

Biconcave discs (Donut shaped)

67
Q

How are new erythrocytes formed?

A

They are created from stem cells

68
Q

Approximately how many hemoglobin molecules are found in an RBC?

A

200-300 million

69
Q

What does a hemoglobin molecule consist of?

A

Four protein chains (globin) that are bound together by heme groups

70
Q

What does each heme group contain?

A

Iron atom

71
Q

How many iron atoms are in a heme group?

A

4

72
Q

As a heme group contains four iron atoms, what does this allow to happen?

A

Allows the hemoglobin to attach to 4 O2 or 4 CO2 molecules

73
Q

What is the function of oxyhemoglobin?

A

To transport oxygen to the tissues

74
Q

What is the function of deoxygemoglobin?

A

It is when the oxygen is released at the tissues and is returning to the lungs for exit from the body

75
Q

What is carbonic anhydrase?

A

An enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of dissolved bicarbonates and carbon dioxide

76
Q

What is the production of erythrocytes called?

A

Erythropoiesis

77
Q

What happens in erythropoiesis?

A

The production of stem cells which through several stages of mitosis will reach mature blood cells and then reach the blood stream

78
Q

What are the three main things essential to normal RBC production?

A

Iron
Vitamin B12
Folic Acid

79
Q

If oxygen levels reaching the tissue decrease then it stimulates the release of ____________?

A

Erythropoietinogen

80
Q

Where is renal erythropoietic factor produced at?

A

Kidneys

81
Q

How long do normal erythrocytes live for?

A

Approx 120 days

82
Q

What happens when an erythrocytes are defective or worn out?

A

Macrophages in the spleen and liver remove them

83
Q

What happens to the hemoglobin in the erythrocytes when they are destroyed?

A

It is broken down and the heme is reused for production (broken down to iron and bilirubin) and sends the iron to the bone marrow and bilirubin is excreted into the bile of the liver

84
Q

What size are leukocytes?

A

Larger than RBC’s but are fewer in number

85
Q

What are agranulocytes?

A

Leukocytes formed in the lymphatic system

86
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

They are leukocytes formed in the red bone marrow

87
Q

Why do leukocytes appear white?

A

They are derived from hemocytoblast stem cells by they do not lose their nuclei or accumulate hemoglobin

88
Q

What are five main functions of leukocytes?

A 
Phagocytic
Produce antibodies
Secrete histamine
Secrete heparin
Neutralize histamine
89
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

It is an increase in the total number of WBC’s

90
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

Decrease in the total number of WBC’s

91
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Cancer of the lymph glands and bone marrow resulting in overproduction of white blood cells

92
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Easinophils
Basophils

93
Q

What is the function of neutrophils? (3)

A

They are the most common (60-70%), have multi-lobed nuclei

Can move from blood vessels to enter tissue spaces (diapedesis)

First to respond to to tissue damage where they engulf bacteria (phagocytosis)

94
Q

What is the function of easinophils? (4)

A

2-5% with 2 lobed nucleus

Found in the respiratory and digestive tracts

Neutralize histamine and destroy parasitic worms

Increase in the number during allergic reaction

95
Q

What is the function of basophils (4)

A

They are the least numerous (1%), U shaped nuclei

Capable of entering into the tissue space (diapedesis)

When they leave the blood and enter the tissue they are considered mast cells

They then secret histamine (dilates vessels) and heparin (anticoagulant)

96
Q

What are the two types of agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

97
Q

What are the functions of lymphocytes? (5)

A

20-25%, spherical shaped nuclei

Abundant in lymphoid tissue

Important in defence

T cells attack bacteria and viruses

B cells produce antibodies

98
Q

What is the function of monocytes? (4)

A

3-8%, U or bean shaped nuclei

When they leave the blood and enter the tissue they are called macrophages

Capable of engulfing bacteria and virus infected cells

Finish the clean-up of cellular debris initially started by the neutrophils

99
Q

What is another name for thrombocytes?

A

Platelets

100
Q

What is the definition of a thrombocyte?

A

They are not a complete cell, actually parts of megakaryocytes from the red bone marrow

101
Q

What is the function of thrombocytes? (4)

A

Agglutination

Adhesiveness

Aggregation

They become sticky and clump together to form platelet plugs

102
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

A decrease in the number of platelets in the blood, resulting in the potential for increased bleeding and decreased ability for clotting

103
Q

What can thrombocytopenia be a side effect of? (3)

A

Chemotherapy

Certain drugs may cause the decrease

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

104
Q

What is thrombocytosis?

A

An increase in the number of platelets in the blood

105
Q

What can thrombocytosis be a result of? (5)

A 
Splenectomy
Following acute hemorrhage
Rheumatoid arthritis
Infections
Certain malignancies
106
Q

What are the three major classess of plasma proteins?

A

Albumins

Globulins

Fibrinogens

107
Q

What is the function of plasma proteins? (2)

A

They are the most abundant of solutes

They remain in the blood or interstitial fluid and are not used for energy

108
Q

What are two key points with albumin?

A

Account for 60% of proteins

Attribute to osmotic pressure

109
Q

What are three key points of globulins?

A

They account of 36%

They produce alpha and beta (produced in the liver and transport lipids and vitamins)

They produce gamma (produced in lymphoid tissue and are antibodies)

110
Q

What are four key points of fibrinogen?

A

They account for 4%

They are the largest of the molecules

They are produced in the liver

They function in clotting

111
Q

What is the definition of hemostasis?

A

The stoppage of bleeding

112
Q

What does hemostasis occur with? (3)

A

Vasoconstriction

Platelet plug formation

Coagulation

113
Q

How does vasoconstriction aid in hemostasis?

A

It restricts the flow of blood through vessels by constricting (spasms)

114
Q

How does platelet plug formation aid in hemostasis? (3)

A

Platelets attracted to the collagen in the connective tissue

As they accumulate, they release serotonin (stimulates smooth muscles to contract)

This prolongs vasoconstriction

115
Q

How does coagulation aid in hemostasis? (5)

A

Blood contains procoagulants and anticoagulants

Anticoagulants predominate typically to maintain blood as a fluid

In an injury, procoagulants increase in activity

Chemical reactions and the use of clotting factors aid in the plug formation

Ca and Vit K are important in the process

116
Q

What is the process of hemostasis? (5)

A

The damaged tissue release chemicals

This triggers a cascade of reactions involving coagulation factors that result in the formation of prothrombin activator (PA)

With Ca and PA, prothrombin in the plasma is converted to active thrombin (which is normally inactive)

Thrombin with Ca acts as an enzyme to convert inactive soluble fibrinogen into an active non-soluble fibrin

This begins to form fibers to trap blood cells

117
Q

What is an embolus?

A

The formation of a clot from platelets or leukocytes

118
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements

119
Q

What is a blood type based on?

A

Specific proteins (antigens) and antibodies related to RBC’s

120
Q

Where are agglutinogens for blood type found?

A

The antigens (agglutinogens) are found on the cell membrane of the RBC

121
Q

Where are the agglutinins for blood typing found?

A

The antibodies (agglutinins) are found in the plasma

122
Q

There are many groups when dealing with blood typing, but what are the two most important?

A

ABO

Rh

123
Q

Who and when was the ABO system discovered?

A

Discovered by Dr. Karl Landsteiner in 1901

124
Q

What are the four blood types?

A

A

B

AB

O

125
Q

What is the ABO group based on? (4)

A

Certain aggultinogens (A&B antigens)

Type A has A

Type B has B

Type O has none

126
Q

How is the ABO group determined?

A

It is inherited

127
Q

What type is known as the universal recipient?

A

Type AB

128
Q

What type is known as the universal donor?

A

Type O

129
Q

What is Rh factor +?

A

Rh agglutinogens are on the surface of the RBC (85% of population)

130
Q

What is Rh factor -?

A

Rh agglutinogens are not present

Hematology & Anaphylaxis (8 decks)

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