Hematology Flashcards
What are the four blood types?
A
B
AB
O
What is contained in a transfusion of whole blood? (4)
All cells
Platelets
Clotting factors
Plasma
What is contained in a transfusion of packed red blood cells, PRBC’s? (2)
Red blood cells
Plasma
What is contained in a transfusion of platelets? (2)
Thrombocytes
Plasma
What is contained in a transfusion of fresh frozen plasma, FFP? (4)
Plasma
Combination of fluids
Clotting factors
Proteins
What is contained in a transfusion of clotting factors? (1)
Specific clotting factors needed for coagulation
What is petechiae?
Reddish-purple spots on the skin, less than 0.5cm in diameter
What is purpura?
Reddish-purple blotches, more than 0.5cm in diameter
What is polycythemia?
An excess of red blood cells
What is anemia?
An inadequate number of red blood cells or inadequate hemoglobin within the red blood cells
What are three diseases of the red blood cells?
Anemia
Sickle cell disease
Polycythemia
What is sickle cell anemia?
An inherited disorder of red blood cell production, so named because the red blood cells become sickle shaped when oxygen levels are low
What is leukopenia?
Too few white blood cells
What is leukocytosis?
To many white blood cells
What is neutropenia?
A reduction in the number of neutrophils
What are four diseases of white blood cells?
Leukopenia/Neutropenia
Leukocytosis
Leukemia
Lymphoma
What is leukemia?
A cancer of the hematopoietic cells
What is lymphoma?
A cancer of the lymphatic system
What are four platelet abnormalities?
Thrombocytosis
Thrombocytopenia
Hemophilia
von Willebrand’s disease
What is thrombocytosis?
An abnormal increase in the number of platelets
What is thrombocytopenia?
An abnormal decrease in the number of platelets
What is hemophilia?
A blood disorder in which one of the proteins necessary for blood clotting is missing or defective
What is von Willebrand’s disease?
Condition in which the vWF component of factor VIII is deficient
What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
A disorder of coagulation caused by systemic activation of the coagulation cascade
What is a multiple myeloma?
A cancerous disorder of plasma cells
What is an antigen?
Protein on the surface of a donor’s red blood cells that the patients body recognizes as not self
What are the three functions of blood?
Transportation
Regulation
Protection
What are the three components of blood?
Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells/platelets
What are three granular leukocytes?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
What are four agranular leukocytes?
B-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes
Natural killer (NK) cells
Monocytes
What is hemopoiesis?
The process by which the formed elements of blood develop
What are cytokines?
Small glycoproteins that are typically produced by cells such as red bone marrow, leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells
What is another name for red blood cells?
Erythrocytes
What is an erythrocyte?
It is a red blood cell that contains the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin
What are the three steps to platelet plug formation?
Platelet adhesion
Platelet release reaction
Platelet aggregation
What is platelet adhesion? (2)
It is the first step of platelet plug formation
Platelets contact and stick to parts of the damaged vessel
What is the platelet release reaction (3)
It is the second step of platelet plug formation
Due to adhesion, the platelets become activated
They extend projections that allow them to interact with one another
ADP and thromboxane A2 play a major role in activating nearby platelets
What happens in platelet aggregation?
It is the third step in platelet plug formation
Due to the release of ADP and thromboxane A2, the platelets have become sticky
This allows them to stick together
Eventually, the accumulation and attachment of large numbers of platelets form a mass called a platelet plug
What is fibrinolysis?
It is the dissolution of a clot
What antigens does Type A blood have?
A antigen
What antigens does type B blood have?
B antigen
What antigens does type AB blood have?
A and B antigens
What antigens does type O blood have?
None
What antibody does type A blood have?
Anti-B antibody
What antibody does type B blood have?
Anti A antibody
What type of antibody does type AB blood have?
Neither
What type of antibody does type O blood have?
Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies
What is Rh +?
The Rh antigen is found on the RBC
What is Rh -?
The Rh antigen is not found on the RBC
