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Hematology & Anaphylaxis > Anaphylaxis > Flashcards

Anaphylaxis Flashcards

1
Q

What is anaphylaxis? (2)

A

An unusual or exaggerated allergic reaction

It is a life-threatening emergency

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2
Q

What is an antigen?

A

It is a substance that induces the formation of antibodies

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3
Q

What are the four ways an antigen can enter the body?

A

Injection
Ingestion
Inhalation
Absorption

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4
Q

What is an antibody?

A

It is a protective protein substance developed by the body in response to antigens that bind to the antigen that produced them, neutralize them and removal from the body

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5
Q

In immune response, what is the complex cascade of events?

A

It is activated by the invading pathogen

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6
Q

What is the goal of immune response?

A

Destruction or inactivation of the pathogen

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7
Q

What is an allergic reaction?

A

An exaggerated response by the immune system to a foreign substance

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8
Q

What are the mechanisms of immune response? (2)

A

Cellular immunity

Humoral immunity

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9
Q

What is humoral immunity? (3)

A

It is more complicated

It is a chemical response

Principle chemical agents are antibodies (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM)

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10
Q

What is natural immunity?

A

It is genetically predetermined

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11
Q

What is acquired immunity?

A

It is an immunity that develops over time

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12
Q

What is induced active immunity (artifical)?

A

Achieved through vaccination that generates an immune response

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13
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Acquired through exposure to an antigen

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14
Q

What is passive immunity (artifical)?

A

Acquired immunity from the administration of antibodies

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15
Q

What is the humoral immune response? (4)

A

Exposure of body to antigen
Antibodies are released
Primary response is generalized (IgG, IgM) and it develops memory
Secondary response is a second exposure and has a specific antibody response

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16
Q

What are the components of the immune system? (5)

A 
Lymphatic system
Leukocytes
Lymphocytes
Immunoglobulins
Mediators
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17
Q

What are the components of the lymphatic system? (3)

A

Every tissue supplied by blood vessels (excluding the brain and placenta) also contains lymphatic vessels

Lymph fluid

Lymph nodes

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18
Q

What are the lymphatic vessels?

A

The lymphatic system ‘cleans house’ and carries foreign material to the correct ‘disposal site’

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19
Q

What is the lymph fluid?

A

Picks up organisms, cellular debris, or other foreign matter in tissue and carries it back through the lymphatic vessels, including lymph nodes

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20
Q

What are the lymph nodes

A

Strategically clumped in areas that might be exposed to large amounts of antigens

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21
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

They are the blood component associated with the immune response

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22
Q

What do most leukocytes consist of?

A

Granulocytes

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23
Q

What are the classifications that granulocytes are divided into? (3)

A

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

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24
Q

What are the primary cells involved in phagocytosis? (2)

A

Neutrophils

Monocytes

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25
Q

What are the two classes of lymphocytes that are principal players in immune response?

A

T cells

B cells

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26
Q

Where do B cells come from?

A

Bone marrow

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27
Q

Where do T cells come from?

A

Thymus

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28
Q

What is the percentage of T cells in all lymphocytes?

A

80%

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29
Q

Where are T cells produced?

A

Thymus

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30
Q

What is the main function of T cells?

A

They help defend against foreign cells or viruses that enter the body

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31
Q

What is the percentage of B cells in the lymphocytes?

A

20%

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32
Q

Where are B cells produced?

A

Bone marrow

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33
Q

What is the function of B cells?

A

They have antigens or specific receptors that split apart and separate into specialized active forces (antibodies) and reserves (memory cells)

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34
Q

What are immunoglobulins?

A

They are antibodies

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35
Q

How many different distinct classes of immunoglobulins are there?

A

Five

36
Q

What are histamines? (4)

A

They promote vascular permeability
Cause dilation of capillaries and venules
Cause contraction of nonvascular smooth muscle, especially in the GI tract and bronchial tree
Increase capillary permeability allows plasma to leak into the interstitial space

This profound vasodilation that results further decreases cardiac preload, compromising stroke volume and cardiac output

37
Q

What are mediators? (3)

A

They are proteins that cause many physiological responses

Most are present throughout the body and remain inactive until triggered by an immune response

They all have different properties and most perform several functions

38
Q

What are the physiological effects of histamines? (4)

A

Cutaneous flushing

Urticaria

Angioedema

Hypotension

39
Q

What are leukotrienes?

A

They are the most potent bronchoconstrictors that cause wheezing, coronary vasoconstriction and increased vascular permeability

40
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

There exact mechanism is unknown but it is believed that eosinophils contain an enzyme that can deactivate leukotrienes

41
Q

What are the five mediator classifications?

A 
Vasoactive substances
Leukocytosis promoters
Chemotactic substances
Leukotactic substances
Opsonins
42
Q

What is the function of vasoactive substances?

A

They cause small vessels to dilate and become more permeable

43
Q

What is the function of leukocytosis promoters?

A

They stimulate the release of leukocytes from bone marrow and the production of new leukocytes

44
Q

What is the function of chemotactic substances?

A

They cause the attraction of phagocytic cells toward or away from the pathogenic agent

45
Q

What is the function of leukotactic substances?

A

They attract leukocytes to the pathogenic agent

46
Q

What is the function of opsonins?

A

They bind phagocytes to the invading microorganism, promoting phagocytosis

47
Q

What is an allergy sensitization?

A

It is the initial exposure to an antigen

48
Q

What is an allergy hypersensitivity? (3)

A

Unexpected exaggerated reaction to a particular antigen

Commonly results in a skin rash (urticaria)

May be delayed or immediate

49
Q

What are three types of reactions?

A

Allergic

Anaphylactoid

Anaphylaxis

50
Q

What happens in an allergic reaction? (5)

A 
Exposure to allergen
Large quantities of IgE released into the blood
Binds to basophils and mast cells
They bind to the allergen
Chemical mediators are released
51
Q

What is an allergic reaction?

A

It is marked by an increased physiological response to an antigen after a previous exposure to the same antigen

52
Q

What are localized allergic reactions?

A

They do not manifest multi-system involvment

53
Q

What are some common signs and symptoms of localized allergic reactions? (5)

A 
Conjunctivitis
Rhinitis
Angioedema
Urticaria
Contact dermatitis
54
Q

What is anaphylaxis? (2)

A

It is an immediate systemic reaction caused by rapid IgE-mediated immune release of potent mediators from tissue mast cells and peripheral blood basophils
More than one organ system is involved to be considered anaphylaxis

55
Q

What are the common organ systems involved in anaphylaxis? (5)

A 
Cutaneous/ocular
Respiratory
Cardiovascular
GI
Neurologic
56
Q

What is an anaphylactic reaction?

A

It refers to a type I hypersensitivity reaction with mast cell and basophil degranulation mediated by antigen binding of specific immunoglobulin E (IgE)

57
Q

What is an anaphylactoid reaction?

A

It refers to a non-IgE mediated mechanism of mast cell/basophil activation

58
Q

What is an allergic reaction?

A

An exaggerated response by the immune system to a foreign substance

59
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A

An unusual or exaggerated allergic reaction to a foreign protein or other substance

60
Q

What is the immune system?

A

The body system responsible for combating infection

61
Q

What is immune response?

A

Complex cascade of events within the body that works toward the destruction or inactivation of pathogens, abnormal cells or foreign molecules

62
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease producing agent or invading substance

63
Q

What is a toxin?

A

Any poisonous chemical secreted by bacteria or released following the destruction of bacteria

64
Q

What is cellular immunity?

A

Immunity resulting from a direct attack of a foreign substance by specialized cells of the immune system

65
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Immunity resulting from attack of invading substances by antibodies

66
Q

What is an antibody?

A

Principal agent of chemical attack of an invading substance

67
Q

What is immunoglobulins (Ig)?

A

Alternative term for antibody

68
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any substance that is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response

69
Q

What is a primary response?

A

Initial, generalized response to an antigen

70
Q

What is the secondary response?

A

Response by the immune system that takes place if the body is exposed to the same antigen again; in secondary response, antibodies specific for the offending antigen are released

71
Q

What is natural immunity?

A

Genetically predetermined immunity that is present at birth. AKA innate immunity

72
Q

What is acquired immunity?

A

Immunity that develops over time and results from exposure to an antigen

73
Q

What is naturally acquired immunity?

A

Immunity that begins to develop after birth and is continually enhanced by exposure to new pathogens and antigens throughout life

74
Q

What is induced active immunity?

A

Immunity achieved through vaccination given to generate an immune response that results in the development of antibodies specific for the injected antigen. AKA artificially acquired immunity

75
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Acquired immunity that occurs following exposure to an antigen and results in the production of antibodies specific for the antigen

76
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Acquired immunity that results from administration of antibodies either from the mother to the infant across the placental barrier, or through vaccination

77
Q

What is sensitization?

A

Initial exposure of a person to an antigen that results in an immune response

78
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

An unexpected and exaggerated reaction to a particular antigen. It is used synonymously with the term allergy?

79
Q

What is an allergy?

A

A hypersensitive state acquired through exposure to a particular allergen

80
Q

What is an immediate hypersensitivity reaction?

A

A hypersensitive reaction that occurs swiftly following reexposure to an antigen. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions are usually more severe than delayed reactions. The swiftest and most severe of such reactions is anaphylaxis

81
Q

What is an allergen?

A

A substance capable of inducing allergy of specific hypersensitivity. Allergens may be protein or nonprotein, although most are proteins

82
Q

What is a basophil?

A

Type of white blood cell that participates in allergic responses

83
Q

What is a mast cell?

A

Specialized cell of the immune system that contains chemicals that assist in the immune response

84
Q

What is a histamine?

A

A product of mast cells and basophils that causes vasodilation, capillary permeability, bronchoconstriction, and contraction of the gut

85
Q

What is angioneurotic edema?

A

Marked edema of the skin that usually involves the head, neck, face and upper airway; a common manifestation of severe allergic reactions and anaphylaxis

86
Q

What is urticaria?

A

The raised areas, or weals, that occur on the skin, associated with vasodilation due to histamine release; commonly called hives

Hematology & Anaphylaxis (8 decks)

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