Vascular Flashcards

Question

What do the tunics all vary?

Answer 1

length, diameter, wall thickness, and tissue makeup

Answer 2

elastic arteries muscular arteries arterioles

Answer 3

thick-walled arteries near the heart like the aorta and it major branches, and are the largest in diameter and most elastic, low resistance pathways that conduct blood from the heart to medium sized arteries, and for that they are sometimes called conducting arteries

Answer 4

elastin, tunica media

Answer 5

pressure reservoirs, expanding and recoiling as the heart ejects blood, so that blood flows continusouly rather than starting and stopping with pulsating rhythm of the heartbeat

Answer 6

blood flows more intermittently (stop and go)

Answer 7

Without the pressure smoothing effect of the elastic arteries, the walls of arteries throughout body would experience higher pressures, and would eventually weaken and may balloon or burst

Answer 8

distal to elastic arteries | deliver blood to specific body organs (sometimes called distributing arteries for that reason)

Answer 9

internal diameter from that of a little finger to that of a pencil lead

Answer 10

media tunica

Answer 11

more smooth muscle and less elastic tissue than elastic arteries

Answer 12

vasoconstriction and less stretchable (distensible)

Answer 13

elastic membrane

Answer 14

larger ones have all three, but their tunica media is chiefly smooth muscle with a few scattered elastic fibers

Answer 15

lead into cap beds, little more than a single layer of smooth muscle cells spiraling around endothelial lining

Answer 16

varies in change to response to changing neural, hormonal, and local chemical influences

Answer 17

the tissues served are largely bypassed

Answer 18

blood flow into the local capillaries increases dramatically

Answer 19

capillaries

Answer 20

thin tunica intima, and sometimes one endothelial cell forms the entire circumference of the capillary wall

Answer 21

at strategic points along the outer surface of some capillaries are these spider shaped, smooth muscle-like cells that stabilize the capillary wall and help control capillary permeability

Answer 22

large enough to allow red blood cells in single file

Answer 23

poorly vascularized

Answer 24

caps, but receive nutrients from blood vessels through nearby connective tissues

Answer 25

aqueous humor

Answer 26

exchange of materials such as gases, nutrients, hormones .. . between the blood and interstitial fluid

Answer 27

continuous fenestrated sinusoid

Answer 28

abundant in skin and muscles, most common | Continuous in the sense that their endothelial cells are joined together by tight junctions

Answer 29

providing an uninterrupted lining, but these junctions usually incomplete and leave gaps of unjoined membrane, intercellular clefts

Answer 30

gaps of unjoined membranes (tight junctions) that are large enough to allow limited passage of fluids and small solutes

Answer 31

tight junctions are complete and extend the entire perimeter of endothelial cells, constituting structural basis of blood brain barier (no intercellular cleft makes it unique)

Answer 32

are like continuous variety except that the endothelial cells in fenestrated capillaries are riddled with oval pores, or fenestrations (fenestra=window)

Answer 33

delicate membranes, or diaphragm

Answer 34

more permeable to fluids and small solutes than cont caps

Answer 35

anywhere active capillary absorption or filtrate formation occurs

Answer 36

small intestines receive nutrients from digested food, and those in endocrine organs allow hormones rapid entry into the blood, kidneys-open pores where rapid filtration of blood plasma is essential

Answer 37

highly modified, leaky caps found only in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and adrenal medulla

Answer 38

large, irregularly shaped lumens and are fenestrated

Answer 39

fewer tight junctions and larger intercellular clefts than ordinary capillaries

Answer 40

large molecules and even blood cells to pass between the blood and surrounding tissues

Answer 41

endothelial is discontinuous, and lining includes stellate macrophages (hepatic macrophages)

Answer 42

remove and destroy any bacteria

Answer 43

phagocytes located just outside the sinusoid stick cytoplasmic extensions through the intercellular clefts into the sinusoid lumen to get their prey

Answer 44

sluggishly through sinusoid channels since it allows time for it be modified in various ways.

Answer 45

caps form these interweaving networks

Answer 46

blood flow from arteriole to a venule

Answer 47

vascular shunt | true capillaries

Answer 48

metarteriole-thoroughfare channel | a short vessel that directly connects the arteriole and venule at opposite ends of the beds

Answer 49

actual exchange vessels

Answer 50

feeding bed leads into a metarteriole that is continuous with the thoroughfare channel that joins the postcapilary venule

Answer 51

vessel structurally intermediate btw an arteriole and a capillary

Answer 52

intermediate btw a capilary and a venule

Answer 53

drains the bed

Answer 54

organ or tissue served

Answer 55

branch off the metarteriole, the proximal end of shunt, and return to the thoroughfare channel (distal end of shunt); but sometimes they derive from the terminal arteriole and empty into the venule

Answer 56

cuff of smooth muscle fibers that surrounds the root of each true capillary at the metarteriole

Answer 57

acts as a valve to regulate blood flow into the capillary

Answer 58

through true cap or through the shunt

Answer 59

blood flows through true capillaries and takes a role in exchanges w/ tissue cells

Answer 60

blood flows through the shunts and bypasses the tissue cells

Answer 61

local chemical conditions and arteriolar vasomotor nerve fibers

Answer 62

conditions in body or specific organ

Answer 63

Capillaries untie to form

Answer 64

postcapillary venule

Answer 65

entirely endolethium around which the pericytes congregate , extremely porous, and fluid and white blood cells move easily from the bloodstream through their walls

Answer 66

have one or 2 layers of smooth muscle cells (tunic media and thin tunica externa)

Answer 67

3 distinct tunics, thinner walls and their lumens r larger than those corresponding arteries. Lumens split like

Answer 68

smooth muscle/elastin in tunica media that poorly developed and tends to be thin even in largest veins

Answer 69

is heaviest wall layer, consisting of thick longitudinal bundles of collagen fibers and elastic networks; often several times thicker than tunica media

Answer 70

even thicker due to longitudinal bands of smooth muscle

Answer 71

hold 65% of body's blood supply at any time, even so they are partially filled normally

Answer 72

blood pressure in veins is low

Answer 73

Ensure that veins returns blood back to heart same rate it was pumped into circulation larger lumen in lumen offer little resistance to blood flow

Answer 74

prevent back flow | formed from folds of the tunica intima, resemble semilunar valves of the heart in both structure and f(x)

Answer 75

in veins of limbs, where gravity opposes the upward bloodflow

Answer 76

absent in veins of thoracic and abdominal body cavities

Answer 77

veins that are twisted and dilated due to incompetent (leaky) valves

Answer 78

coronary sinus dural venous sinuses highly specialized, flattened veins with extremely thin walls composed only of endothelium

Answer 79

tissues surrounding them rather than additional tunics

Answer 80

blood vessels from special interconnections

Answer 81

most organs receive blood from more than one arterial branch and arteries supplying the same area merge and form alternate paths

Answer 82

collateral channels direct blood to certain body region

Answer 83

collateral channels can provide enough blood to area often

Answer 84

around joints where active movement may hinder blood flow through one channel, and also they common in abdominal organs, heart, and brain

Answer 85

arteries that supply the retina, kidneys, and spleen or they have poorly developed collateral circulation

Answer 86

cells that supply such vessel die

Answer 87

metarteriole-thoroughfare channel shunts of capillary beds that connect arterioles and venules

Answer 88

veins interconnect more freely

Answer 89

venous anastomoses are more common and abundant

Answer 90

volume of blood flowing through a vessel, an organ, or the entire circulate in a give period (ml/min) = to Cardiac output and is constant during resting

Answer 91

force/area exerted on a vessel wall by the contained blood (mm Hg)

Answer 92

the differences in bp within vascular sys that provides driving force that keeps blood moving always high to low throughout body

Answer 93

is opposition to flow and measure of the amount of friction blood encounters as it passes through the vessels

Answer 94

most friction is dealt with in the peripheral (systemic) circulation

Answer 95

blood viscosity, vessel length, and vessel diameter

Answer 96

internal resistance to flow that exists in all fluids (viscosity) and is related to the thickness or stickiness in fluid

Answer 97

blood has formed elements and plasma proteins, it flows more slowly under same conditions

Answer 98

polycythemia (excessive numbers of red blood cells)

Answer 99

the longer the vessel, the greater the resistance

Answer 100

changes frequently and alters peripheral resistance

Answer 101

the relative speed and position of fluid in diff regions of the tube's cross sectioning remain constant The smaller the tube the great the friction since more fluid contacts the tube wall where its movement is blocked

Answer 102

inversely with the fourth power of the vessel radius

Answer 103

they respond to neural and chemical curls, are major determinants of peripheral resistance unlike the large arteries close to the heart

Answer 104

irregular fluid motion where blood from the different laminae mixes, increasing resistance dramatically, is onset by arteriosclerosis

Answer 105

to difference in blood pressure between two point in circulation which is bp, hydrostatic pressure, gradient. When pressure increases, bf speeds up

Answer 106

PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE R in systemic circulation; if resistance increases, BF decreases

Answer 107

when flow is opposed by R

Answer 108

arterioles

Answer 109

how much the elastic arteries close to the heart can stretch (compliance/distensibility) volume of blood forced into them at any time

Answer 110

the amount of blood leaving and entering heart are not equal/constant, and that means a rise and fall in a reg fashion in the elastic arteries near the heart

Answer 111

systolic pressure | blood moves into the arterial bed since the pressure in the aorta is higher than the pressure in the more distal vessels

Answer 112

the aortic valves closes preventing blood from flowing back into the heart; wall of aorta recoil maintaining sufficient pressure tp keep blood flowing fwd to its lowest levels

Answer 113

the difference btw systolic and diastolic pressure

Answer 114

aortic pressure fluctuates up and down with each heartbeat is important to this the pressure that propels blood to the tissues

Answer 115

capillaries are fragile and high pressures rupture them most capillaries are extremely permeable and thus even the low capillary pressure can force solute containing fluids (filtrate) out of blood stream into the interstitial space

Answer 116

is different from arterial bp | steady and changes very little during cardiac cycle

Answer 117

different than artery for vein, blood flows evenly from wound for artery, spurts blood This is because veins have lower pressure, high R

Answer 118

skel muscle activity as skel muscle surrounding deep veins contract and relax, they "milk" blood two the heart and once blood passes each successive valve like the circles in inferno, it can't flow back fainting after standing for long time periods cuz it reduces venous return

Answer 119

moves blood up two heart as pressure changes in the ventral body cavity during breathing As we inhale, abdominal pressure increases, squeezing local veins aand forcing blood two the heart at the same time, the pressure in the chest decreases allowing thoracic veins to expand and speeding blood entry into right atrium

Answer 120

reduces volume of blood in veins (capacitance vessels) as the layer of smooth muscle around veins constricts under sympathetic ctrl, venous volume is reduced and blood is pushed two the heart

Answer 121

increase venous return which increases SV by the Frank-starling mechanism thus increasing CO

Answer 122

cns, CO, R, blood volume

Answer 123

cardioinhiborty center of medulla oblongatta

Answer 124

by nervous system and bloodborne hormones alters bp by changing peripheral resistance and CO

Answer 125

alters blood volume via kidneys

Answer 126

neural ctrls alter both CO and R

Answer 127

maintainin adq MAP by changing blood vessel diameter on a moment basis, under low blood volume, all vessels except those supplying heart and brain are constricted to allow as much blood as possible to flow to those two vital organs altering blood distribution to respond to specific demands of various organs

Answer 128

via reflex arcs involving barorecptors and associated afferent fibers; these reflexes are integrated in the cardiovascular center of the medulla, and their output travels via autonomic fibers to the heart and vascular smooth muscle.

Answer 129

chemoreceptors and higher brain centers also influence the neural ctrl mech

Answer 130

cardiovascular centers and vasomotor centers

Answer 131

the vasomotor center transmits fibers impulses at a fairly steady rate along the sympathetic efferents

Answer 132

fibers exit T1 through L2 levels of spinal cord and innervate the smooth muscle of blood vessels, mainly invervate arterioles

Answer 133

arterioles are almost always state of moderate constriction

Answer 134

yields generalized vasoconstriciton and raises bp

Answer 135

baroreceptors chemoreceptors higher brain receptors

Answer 136

pressure sensitive mechanoreceptors that respond to changes in arterial pressure and stretch arterial blood pressure increase activates it stretch receptors they decrease BP

Answer 137

receptors that respond to changes in blood lvld of co2, H+, O

Answer 138

carotid sinuses AORTIC ARCH walls of nearly every large artery of the neck and thorax

Answer 139

which are dilations in the internal carotid arteries that provide the major blood supply to the brain

Answer 140

decreased output from vasomotor center allows arterioles to dilate. as r falls, MAP does

Answer 141

decreased output from vasomotor center makes veins dilate which shifts blood to the venous reservoirs; this decreases venous return and CO

Answer 142

impulses to the cardiac centers inhibit sympathetic activity and stimulate parasympathetic activity, reducing HR and contractile force. As CO decreases so does MAP

Answer 143

protect blood supply to your brain

Answer 144

help maintain adq bp in your systemic circuit

Answer 145

When CO2 lvld rises or pH falls or oxygen content of the blood drops sharply

Answer 146

aortic arch and large arteries of the neck transmit impulses to the cardioacceltry center which then increases cardiac output,and to the vasomotor center that causes reflex vasoconstriction.

Answer 147

carotid and aortic bodies located close by the baroreceptors in carotid sinuses and aortic arch

Answer 148

regulating resp rate than bp

Answer 149

renal mechanisms

Answer 150

blood volume

Answer 151

internal bleeding and blood volume too low to support normal circulation

Answer 152

alters blood volume independently of hormones (they don't rely on hormones to change blood volume)

Answer 153

arterial bp decreases

Answer 154

renin-angiotensin-aldosterome mechanism regulates bp

Answer 155

pulse, BP, resp rate, and body temp

Answer 156

transmitted through the arterial tree, artery against a firm tissue is how it is felt

Answer 157

pulse points, they are compressed to stop flow into distal tissue during hemorrhage

Answer 158

first point at which a small amount of blood is spurting through constricted artery

Answer 159

cuff pressure reduction when sounds get louder and disntct

Answer 160

when sound goes away

Answer 161

delievering oxygen and nutrients to tissue cells and removing waste from them exchangig gases in the lungs absorbing nutritents from digest tract forming urine in kidneys

Answer 162

the automatic adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to the tissues requirements at any instant

Answer 163

Heredity, Diet, Obesity, Age, Diabetes mellitus, and stress, smoking increase blood pressure

Answer 164

CHAPS ``` Cushing's syndrome Hyperaldosteronism [aka Conn's syndrome] Aorta coarctation Phaeochromocytoma Stenosis of renal arteries ```

Answer 165

DATES ``` Descending aorta Azygos and hemiazygous veins Thoracic duct Esophagus Sympathetic trunk/ganglia ```

Answer 166

``` "Cadavers Are Dead People": Clavicular Acromial Deltoid Pectoral ```

Answer 167

ABCD: Acromial Breast (pectoral) Clavicular

Answer 168

``` "CAlifornia Police Department": Clavicular Acromial Pectoral Deltoid ```

Answer 169

``` "I Love Going Places In My Very Own Underwear": Ileolumbar Lateral sacral Gluteal (superior and inferior) Pudendal (internal) Inferior vesicle (uterine in females) Middle rectal Vaginal Obturator Umbilical ```

Answer 170

``` What Bill admitted to Hilary: "I Milked Our Insatiable Intern's Udders Under the Desk": Inferior gluteal Middle rectal Obturator Inferior vesical artery Internal pudendal artery Umbilical U/D=Uterine artery (female)/ Deferential artery (male) ```

Answer 171

``` PILS: Posterior branch Iliolumbar Lateral sacral Superior gluteal ```

Answer 172

``` PAST: Posterior external jugular vein Anterior jugular vein Suprascapular vein Transverse cervical vein ```

Answer 173

``` LIMA: Lumen Intima Media Adventitia ```

Answer 174

``` "Know your ABC'S": Aortic arch gives rise to: Brachiocephalic trunk left Common Carotid left Subclavian · Beware though trick question of 'What is first branch of aorta?' Technically, it's the coronary arteries. ```

Answer 175

right vs. left Tricuspid heart valve and tri-lobed lung both on the right side. Bicuspid and bi-lobed lung both on the left side.

Answer 176

"peripheral nerves": The ulnar nerve is "ulnar" to the ulnar artery. Radial nerve is "radial" to the radial artery.

Answer 177

``` "May I Softly Squeeze Charlie's Girl?": Muscular Infrahyoid Superior laryngeal Sternomastoid Cricothyroid Glandular ```

Answer 178

"3 organs, each get 2 blood supplies": Uterus: uterine, vaginal. Rectum: middle rectal, inferior rectal [inferior rectal is the end of pudendal]. Bladder: superior vesical, inferior vesical.

Answer 179

"VC goes with VC": The Venosum and Caudate is on same side as Vena Cava [posterior]. Therefore, quadrate and teres must be on anterior by default.

Answer 180

path of great vs. small at malleolus "MAGdelaine has varicose veins" [The saphenous veins are important for varicose veins]: Medial maleolus, Anterior to maleolus, and Great saphenous go together. Then the opposites of these go together: Small saphenous is posterior to the lateral maleolus.

Answer 181

``` "Medical Schools Let Confident People In": · From inferior to superior: Middle thyroid Superior thyroid Lingual Common facial Pharyngeal Inferior petrosal sinus ```

Answer 182

"First learn a Tricycle, then learn a Bicycle": | Flow through Tricuspid first, then Bicuspid.

Answer 183

Behind the sternoclavicular joints: the brachiocephalic veins begin. Behind the 1st costal cartilage on the right the superior vena cava begins. Behind the 2nd costal cartilage on the right the azygos vein ends. Behind the 3rd costal cartilage on the right the superior vena cava ends.

Answer 184

``` "Sometimes Intestines Get Really Stretched Causing Leakage": Suprarenals [paired] Inferior mesenteric Gonadal [paired] Renals [paired] Superior mesenteric Celiac Lumbar [paired] ```

Answer 185

main 2 places that retroperitoneals connect into systemic | RetroPeritoneals hook up with Renal and Paravertebral veins.

Answer 186

``` "DAM I AM Piss Drunk But Stupid Drunk I Prefer, Must Phone Alcoholics Anonymous": Deep auricular Anterior tympanic Middle meningeal Inferior alveolar Accessory meningeal Masseteric Pterygoid Deep temporal Buccal Sphenopalatine Descending palatine Infraorbital Posterior superior alveolar Middle superior alveolar Pharyngeal Anterior superior alveolar Artery of the pterygoid canal ```

Answer 187

``` "I See 10 CC's in the IV": I See (I.C.) = Internal Carotid artery 10 = CN 10 (Vagus nerve) CC = Common Carotid artery IV = Internal Jugular Vein ```

Answer 188

``` NAVEL: · From lateral hip towards medial navel: Nerve (directly behind sheath) Artery (within sheath) Vein (within sheath) Empty space (between vein and lymph) Lymphatics (with deep inguinal node) · Nerve/Artery/Vein are all called Femoral. ```

Answer 189

``` VAN: · From medial to lateral: Vein Artery Nerve · Nerve/Artery/Vein are all called Femoral. ```

Answer 190

``` "I Like To Rise So High": Illiacs Lumbar Testicular Renal Suprarenal Hepatic vein. · Think of the IVC wanting to rise high up to the heart. ```

Answer 191

O TOM are lateral wall components, in order from superior to inferior. CA are the components within the sinus, from medial to lateral. CA ends at the level of T from O TOM. · See diagram. Occulomotor nerve (III) Trochlear nerve (IV) Ophthalmic nerve (V1) Maxillary nerve (V2) Carotid artery Abducent nerve (VI) T: When written, connects to the T of OTOM.

Answer 192

"TRI berore you BI": Tricuspid valve is located in left heart and Bicuspid valve is located in right heart. Blood flows through the tricuspid before bicuspid.

Answer 193

``` "Very Tired Individuals Sip Strong Coffee Served Daily": Vertebral artery Thyrocervical trunk ---Inferior thyroid ---Superficial cervical ---Suprascapular Costocervical ---Superior intercostal ---Deep cervical ```

Answer 194

``` NAVY: · In order from lateral to medial: Nerve Artery Vein Y of the groin · Alternatively: Y = Y-fronts [male underwear]. ```

Answer 195

``` "Send The Lord to Say A Prayer": · From proximal to distal: Superior thoracic Thoracacromial Lateral thoracic Subscapular Anterior circumflex humeral Posterior circumflex humeral ```

Answer 196

"LAB RAT": Left Atrium: Bicuspid Right Atrium: Tricuspid

Answer 197

``` "Screw The Lawyer Save A Patient": Superior thoracic Thoracoacromiol Lateral thoracic Subscapular Anterior circumflex humeral Posterior circumflex humeral Alternatively: "Some Times Life Seems A Pain". ```

Answer 198

``` "Suzy Thompkins Loves Sex, Alcohol, and Pot": · From proximal to distal: Superior thoracic Thoracacromial Lateral thoracic Subscapular Anterior circumflex humeral Posterior circumflex humeral ```

Answer 199

``` "Try Pulling My Aorta": Tricuspid Pulmonary Mitral Aorta ```

Answer 200

Left Hand Side (LHS): Left gastric artery Hepatic artery Splenic artery

Answer 201

> External carotid artery branches

Answer 202

"BAMBI": | Brachial Artery is Medial to Biceps In elbow.

Answer 203

``` "Sister Lucy's Powdered Face Often Attracts Silly Medicos": · Before entering the parotid gland: Superior thyroid Lingual Posterior auricular Facial Occipital Ascending pharyngeal · Ends as: Superficial temporal and Maxillary bifurcating in the in the parotid gland ```

Answer 204

``` "So Long For Acting Old Parenting Means Stability": Superior thyroid Lingual Facial Ascending pharyngeal Occiptal Posterior auricular Maxillary Superficial temporal ```

Answer 205

``` "Some Angry Lady Figured Out PMS": Superior thyroid Ascending pharyngeal Lingual Facial Occipital Posterior auricular Maxillary Superificial temporal ```

Answer 206

"I Am Pretty Sexy" Inferior ulnar collateral artery goes with Anterior ulnar recurrent artery. Posterior ulnar recurrent artery goes with Superior ulnar collateral artery. · Alternatively: "I Am Pretty Smart"

Answer 207

``` StApLE OPIS: Superior thyroid Ascending pharyngeal Lingual External maxillary (facial) Occipital Posterior auricular Internal maxillary Superficial temporal ```

Answer 208

``` "Sally Ate Lots Of Fresh Produce March Through September": Superior thyroid Ascending laryngeal Lingual Occipital (O before F is an extremely common variation) Facial Posterior auricular Maxillary Transverse facial Superficial temporal ```

Answer 209

``` "She Lay Flaccid As Olaf's Penis Slipped In": · From caudal to cephalad: Superior thyroid Lingual Facial Ascending pharyngeal Occipital Posterior auricular Superficial temporal (Internal) maxillary ```

Answer 210

``` "Put My Leg Down Please": Profundus femoris (deep femoral artery) Medial circumflex femoral artery Lateral circumflex femoral artery Descending genicular arteries Perforating arteries ```

Answer 211

Here Dictates Obtuse Asking DeMi Serious Sensation | Heredity, Diet, Obesity, Age, Diabetes mellitus, and stress, smoking increase blood pressure

Answer 212

low blood pressure | 90/60mm Hg

Answer 213

Delivery system of dynamic structures that begin and ends at the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins

Answer 214

central blood-containing space

Answer 215

Tunica intima tunica media tunica externa/ adventitia

Answer 216

Endothelium w/ sparse basal lamina

Answer 217

thin connective tissue that holds these cell together

Answer 218

endothelium lines lumen of all vessels and valves and chambers where cardiovascular disease begins (inflamation) continuous with endocardium, slick surface reduces friction

Answer 219

in vessels larger than 1mm; connective tissue basement membrane

Answer 220

smooth muscle and sheets of elastin

Answer 221

sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers ctrl vasoconstriction/dilation (influence blood flow and pressure by alpha 1 receptors)

Answer 222

collagen fibers protect and reinforce | anchor to surrounding structures, has nerve fibers and lymph vessels

Answer 223

larger vessels nourishes external layer

Answer 224

length, diameter, wall thickness, and makeup

Answer 225

Large thick-walled arteries with elastin in all 3 tunics near the heart aka conducting arteries

Answer 226

elastic arteries

Answer 227

aorta and its major branches

Answer 228

low-resistance

Answer 229

elastic arteries

Answer 230

elastic arteries expand and recoil as blood is ejected from the heart

Answer 231

smooth pressure downstream

Answer 232

distal to elastic arteries

Answer 233

deliver blood to body organs

Answer 234

Thick tunica media w/ more smooth muscle, thicker in artery

Answer 235

Muscular artery

Answer 236

muscular arteries cause sympathetic stimulation yielding vasoconstriction or dilation

Answer 237

smallest arteries

Answer 238

capillary beds

Answer 239

control flow into cap beds via vasodilation and vasoconstricition

Answer 240

resistance vessels

Answer 241

lowers it before pressure of blood enters caps like a regulator

Answer 242

branch and have greater surface area to reduce that BP

Answer 243

microscopic blood vessels

Answer 244

Vascular endothelial growth factor

Answer 245

walls of thin tunica intima, in smallest ones cells form entire circumference

Answer 246

help stabilize their walls and control permeability (anchoring network)

Answer 247

only a single Red Blood Cell to pass at a time (single file RBC)

Answer 248

endothelial cells allow RBC to go through lumen

Answer 249

act as paracrine (locally) hormone

Answer 250

slow blood down and dissociate co2 to o2

Answer 251

In all tissues except for cartilage, epithelia, cornea and lens of eye

Answer 252

direct access to almost every cell besides the avascular and innervated ones

Answer 253

exchange gases, nutrients, waste, hormones , etc .. . between blood and interstitial fluid

Answer 254

continuous fenestrated sinusoid

Answer 255

abundant in skin and muscles

Answer 256

Tight junctions connect btw endothelial cells with INTERcellular clefts allow passage of fluids and small solutes (Na+, k+ ... ), and they not excessively permeable.

Answer 257

tight junctions are complete, form blood-brain barrier vesicles carry fluids across endothelial lining only fat-soluble blood brain barrier

Answer 258

Some endothelial cells contain pores (fenestrations)

Answer 259

Fenestrated caps are more permeable than continuous caps

Answer 260

absorption and filtradte formation (small intestines, endocrine glands, and kidneys) still have tight junctions

Answer 261

absorbs nutrients from digested food

Answer 262

allows rapid hormone entry into the blood

Answer 263

rapid filtration of blood plasma

Answer 264

fewer tight junctions usuaully fenestrated; larger intercellular clefts; large lumens, leaky caps

Answer 265

blood flows sluggishly that allows modification | so large molecules and blood cells pass btw blood and surrounding tissues

Answer 266

only liver, bone marrow, spleen, and adrenal medulla

Answer 267

in lining to destroy bacteria

Answer 268

Microcirculation

Answer 269

interwoven networks of capillaries btwn arterioles and venules

Answer 270

terminal arteriole to metarteriole

Answer 271

continuous with thoroughfare channel (intermediate between capillary and venule)

Answer 272

postcapillary venue that drains bed (pisses bed)

Answer 273

vascular shunt and true capillaries

Answer 274

type of cap bed | merarteriole to thoroughfare channel

Answer 275

directly connects terminal arteriole and post capillary venule

Answer 276

10 to 100 exchange vessels / cap bed

Answer 277

branch off met arteriole or terminal arteriole

Answer 278

close during exercise

Answer 279

normally branch from metartiole and return to thoroughfare channel

Answer 280

regulate blood flow into true caps | blood may go into true caps or to shunt

Answer 281

local chemical conditions and vasomotor nerves | for example, NO(g) acts like paracrine

Answer 282

capillary beds unite

Answer 283

smallest postcapillary venules very porous; allow fluids and WBCs into tissue consist of endothelium and a few pericytes stabilize vessel

Answer 284

one or two layers of smooth muscle cells

Answer 285

venules converge

Answer 286

thinner walls, larger lumens compared with corresponding arteries

Answer 287

veins have lower bp than arteries

Answer 288

thin tunica media | thick tunica extern of collagen fibers and elastic networks

Answer 289

capacitance vessels (blood reservoirs) so less R and Pressure

Answer 290

contain up to 65% of blood supply so they have less resistance and pressure

Answer 291

ensure return of blood to heart despite low pressure

Answer 292

offer little Resistance

Answer 293

prevent back flow of blood (prevents incompetent valve peripheral edema) and abundant in veins of limbs

Answer 294

flattened veins with extremely thin wall

Answer 295

coronary sinus of heart and dural sinuses of brain

Answer 296

interconnections of blood vessels, arteries suppling the same local region often merge together

Answer 297

alternate paths (collateral channels) to given body region

Answer 298

at joints, in abdominals organs, brain, and heart

Answer 299

none in retina, kidneys, and spleen

Answer 300

vascular shunts of capillaries

Answer 301

venous anastomoses

Answer 302

more than one arterial branch/supply, and have multiple back up

Answer 303

volume of blood flowing through vessel, organ, or entire circulation in given period

Answer 304

CO for entire vascular system

Answer 305

When at rest | healthy varies constant

Answer 306

varies widely through individual organs based on needs such as exercise

Answer 307

Force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood

Answer 308

systemic arterial BP in large arteries near heart

Answer 309

driving force that keeps blood moving from higher to lower pressure areas

Answer 310

opposition to blood flow

Answer 311

amount of friction blood encounters with vessel walls, generally in peripheral (systemic) circulation

Answer 312

Blood viscosity total blood vessel length Blood Vessel DIAMETER

Answer 313

blood vessel diameter because it has frequent changes that alter R (vasoconstriction and vasodilation)

Answer 314

R varies inversely with fourth power of vessel radius (1/x^4)

Answer 315

Small-diameter arterioles

Answer 316

ABRUPT changes in diameter or flatty plaques from atherosclerosis

Answer 317

disrupts laminar flow and cause turbulent flow

Answer 318

irregular fluid motion makes increased resistance

Answer 319

Blood flow is directly proportional to blood pressure gradient so if pressure increases then blood flow speeds up

Answer 320

Blood flow is inverserly proportional to peripheral resistance (R), so if R increases, blood flow will decrease

Answer 321

R more important in influencing local blood flow cuz easily changed by altering blood vessel diameter

Answer 322

pumping action of heart that generates blood flow?

Answer 323

Systemic blood pressure, the pumping action of the heart

Answer 324

when flow is opposed by resistance

Answer 325

get answer in class

Answer 326

arterioles

Answer 327

Aorta because it pushes the blood throughout the body with the most R

Answer 328

pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contration

Answer 329

lowest level of aortic pressure

Answer 330

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

Answer 331

throbbing of arteries

Answer 332

Artery touching a firm tissue

Answer 333

pressure that propels blood to tissues

Answer 334

diastolic pressure + 1/3 (pulse pressure)

Answer 335

MAP and Pulse Pressure

Answer 336

with increasing distance from the heart | more distal less pressure

Answer 337

17 to 35 mm Hg

Answer 338

low cap bp

Answer 339

Venous blood pressure

Answer 340

small pressure gradient; about 15 mm Hg

Answer 341

cumulative effects of peripheral resistance

Answer 342

Energy of BP lost as heat during each circuit

Answer 343

Contraction of skeletal muscles "milk" blood toward heart; valves prevent backflow

Answer 344

pressure changes during breathing move blood toward heart by squeezing abdominal VEINS as thoracic VEINS expand

Answer 345

under sympathetic control pushes blood toward heart

Answer 346

Cooperation of heart, blood vessels, and kidneys. Also, the supervision of the brain.

Answer 347

CO Cardiac output, PR peripheral resistance, and blood volume

Answer 348

blood volume

Answer 349

Blood pressure varies directly with CO, PR, and blood volume

Answer 350

Changes in one variable quickly compensated for by changes in other variables

Answer 351

During stress, cardioacceleratory center increases HR and SV via sympathetic stimulation

Answer 352

ESV decreases and MAP increases | blood out of ventricles and blood propel

Answer 353

Short-term neural and hormonal controls, and long-term renal regulation

Answer 354

counteract fluctuations in BP by altering PR and CO

Answer 355

counteracts fluctuations in BP by altering blood volume

Answer 356

Neural ctrls operate via reflex arcs

Answer 357

Baroreceptors Cardiovascular center of medulla Vasomotor fibers to heart and vascular smooth muscle. Sometimes input from chemoreceptors and higher brain centers.

Answer 358

Clusters of sympathetic neurons in medulla oversee changes in CO and blood vessel diameter

Answer 359

Cardiac centers and vasomotor center

Answer 360

moderate constriction

Answer 361

Cardiovascular center receives inputs from baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers

Answer 362

Vasomotor center sends steady impulses via sympathetic efferents (vasomotor fibers, efferents=away from center) to blood vessels --> moderate constriction called vasomotor tone

Answer 363

carotid sinus, aortic arch, and Arteries of neck and thorax

Answer 364

short term mech

Answer 365

Increased blood pressure stimulates baroreceptors to increase input to vasomotor center

Answer 366

Inhibits vasomotor and cardioacceleratory centers causing arteriole dilation and venodilation. Stimulates cardioinhibitory center --> decreased BP

Answer 367

Reflex vasocontriction -> increased CO --> increased BP

Answer 368

Upon standing baroreceptors of carotid sinus reflex protect blood to brain; in systemic circuit as whole aortic reflex maintains BP

Answer 369

if altered blood pressure sustained

Answer 370

Chemoreceptors in aortic arch and large arteries of neck detect increase in co2 or drop in pH or o2

Answer 371

increased blood pressure

Answer 372

1) Signaling cardioacceleratory center to increase BP. | 2) Signaling vasomotor center to increase BP.

Answer 373

Reflexes in medulla, hypothalumus cerebral cortex

Answer 374

They modify arterial pressure via relays to medulla

Answer 375

increases BP

Answer 376

redistribution of blood flow during exercise and changes in body temperature

Answer 377

via changes in PR

Answer 378

changes in Blood volume

Answer 379

increased and lower BP

Answer 380

Epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal gland causes and increased CO and vasoconstriction. Angiotensin II stimulates vasoconstriction. High ADH levels cause vasoconstriction.

Answer 381

ANP causes decreased blood volume by antagonizing aldosterone.

Answer 382

Baroreceptors quickly adapt to chronic high or low BP so are ineffective

Answer 383

BP by altering blood volume via kidneys

Answer 384

Kidneys regulate arterial blood pressure

Answer 385

direct renal mech and indirect renal mech (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism)

Answer 386

Alters blood volume independently of hormones

Answer 387

Increased BP or blood volume causes elimination of more urine, thus reducing BP Decreased BP or BV causes kidneys to conserve water and BP rises Through either retention or excretion of sodium

Answer 388

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mech

Answer 389

Decreased arterial blood pressure causes the release of renin, Renin then catalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen from liver to angiotensin I, and then (ACE) angiotensin converting enzyme, especially from lungs and all vascular endothelium, converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II.

Answer 390

Increases Blood volume and causes vasoconstriction directly increasing BP

Answer 391

Stimulates aldosterone secretion, causes ADH release, and triggers hypothalamic thirst center

Answer 392

pulse, BP, Respiratory Rate, and body temperature

Answer 393

pressure wave caused by expansion and recoil of arteries

Answer 394

taken at wrist, routinely used

Answer 395

where arteries close to body surface, and can be compressed to stop blood flow

Answer 396

systemic pressure

Answer 397

Because cardiac cycle has systolic and diastolic pressure. At rest, systolic is 1/3 of the pulse pressure, and while exercising, 50-60% of the pulse pressure.

Answer 398

systolic pressure

Answer 399

when sounds disappear cuz artery no longer constricted; blood is free flowing.

Answer 400

High blood pressure

Answer 401

140/90 or higher

Answer 402

if values of BP are elevated but not yet in hypertension range

Answer 403

in obese ppl

Answer 404

during fever, physical exertion, and emotional upset

Answer 405

heart failure, vascular disease, renal failure, and stroke

Answer 406

heart must work harder so the myocardium enlarges then gets weaker and becomes flabby

Answer 407

Atherosclerosis | Preload and after load is increased causing heart damage

Answer 408

mass of platelets in blood that when they open blocks the blood in vessel under the endothelial wall

Answer 409

low blood pressure

Answer 410

90/60 mm Hg

Answer 411

only when it leads to inadequate blood flow to tissues

Answer 412

long life and lack of cardiovascular illness

Answer 413

temporary low BP and dizziness when suddenly rising from sitting or reclining position

Answer 414

hint of poor nutrition and warning sign for Addison's disease or hypothyroidism

Answer 415

vital sign of circulatory shock; threat of surgical patients and those patients in ICU

Answer 416

automatic adjustment of blood flow to each tissue to relative to its varying requirements

Answer 417

controlled instrically by modifying diameter of local arterioles feeding capillaries

Answer 418

MAP, which is ctrlled as needed to maintain constant pressure

Answer 419

Organs varying resistance of own arterioles

Answer 420

vasodilation of arterioles and (NO gas) relaxation of recap sphincters occur in response to

Answer 421

declining tissue o2 and substances from metabolically active tissue (H+, K+, adenosine, and prostaglandins and inflammatory chemicals

Answer 422

inflammation

Answer 423

``` relax of vascular smooth muscle release NO(g), a powerful vasodilator by endothelial cells ```

Answer 424

released from endothelium are potent vasoconstrictors

Answer 425

blood flow is inadequate and NO wins

Answer 426

inflammatory chemicals

Answer 427

keep tissue of perfusion constant despite most fluctuations despite most fluctuations in systemic pressure

Answer 428

Vascular smooth muscle responds to stretch

Answer 429

increased intravascular pressure

Answer 430

increased tone and vasoconstriction

Answer 431

vasodilation and increased blood flow to tissue

Answer 432

when short-term auto regulation cannot meet tissue nutrient requirements

Answer 433

Number of vessels to region increases and existing vessels enlarge

Answer 434

in heart when coronary vessel occluded or throughout body in ppl in high-altitude areas`

Answer 435

varies with fiber type and activity

Answer 436

Occurs in ppl who frequently exercise cuz increase in demand

Answer 437

myogenic | general neural mechanisms

Answer 438

Active or exs hyperemia Local ctrls override sympthateic vasoconstriction Muscle blood flow can increase 10x

Answer 439

blood flow increases in direct proportion to metabolic activity

Answer 440

constant as neurons intolerant of ischemia; averages 750ml/min

Answer 441

Decreased pH of increased co2 cause vasodilation

Answer 442

Decreased MAP causes cerebral vessels to dilate | Increased MAP causes cerebral vessels to constrict

Answer 443

cerebral edema

Answer 444

supplies nutrients to cells (outrage in response to o2 need)

Answer 445

body temp (neurally crtrlled and is primary f(x)

Answer 446

blood reservoir (neurally ctrlled)

Answer 447

BF to venous plexuses below skin surface regulates body temp

Answer 448

sympathetic nervous system reflexes initiated by temp receptors and central nervous system

Answer 449

heat exposure fever vigorus exs

Answer 450

Hypothalamic signals reduce vasomotor stimulation of skin vessels, then warm blood flushes into cap beds, and then heat radiates from skin

Answer 451

Sweat via bradykinin in perspiration

Answer 452

NO release

Answer 453

blood is shunted to deeper more vital organs

Answer 454

Diffusion down concentration gradients by o2 and nutrients from blood to tissues and co2 and metabolic wastes from tissue to blood

Answer 455

directly through endothelial membranes

Answer 456

pass through clefts and fenestrations

Answer 457

actively transported in pinocytotic vesicles or carveolae

Answer 458

Blood vessels inadq filled, blood cannot circulate normally, and results in inadq BF to meet tissue needs

Answer 459

hypovolemic, vascular, and cardiogenic shock

Answer 460

results from large-scale blood loss

Answer 461

results from extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral R

Answer 462

when an inefficient heart cannot sustain adq ciruclation

Answer 463

does not anatmose

Answer 464

supplies pelvic structure

Answer 465

a lower limb

Answer 466

radial artery

Answer 467

internal carotid artery

Answer 468

upper extremities, deep vein

Answer 469

axillary artery

Answer 470

superior vena cava

Answer 471

pulm trunk

Answer 472

external jugular vein

Answer 473

brachial artery

Answer 474

femoral artery

Answer 475

arterioles

Answer 476

capillaries

Answer 477

large veins

Answer 478

large arteries

Answer 479

large veins

Answer 480

large arteries

Answer 481

arterioles

Answer 482

All carry blood away from the heart

Answer 483

away from heart

Answer 484

capillaries

Answer 485

systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

Answer 486

caps of the active muscle will be engorged with blood

Answer 487

the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter

Answer 488

capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs

Answer 489

tunica media

Answer 490

significant cuz R is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius

Answer 491

blood vessel diameter

Answer 492

right ventricle, pull artery, and left atrium

Answer 493

arterioles

Answer 494

venous valves (venoconstriction) skel muscle pump resp pump

Answer 495

urinary output

Vascular Flashcards

(540 cards)