Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy and p 2 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous Sys

A

Master controlling and communicating system of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does nervous sys communicate?

A

Cells communicate via electrical and chemical signals,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are the those signals described?

A

Rapid and specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Primary cell of the nervous system

A

is the neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Neurons are the key to what?

A

The key to neural transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sensory input –

A

info gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes (cold or hot)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Integration-

A

processing and interpretation of sensory input and decides what actions are required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Motor output-

A

activation of effector organs (muscles and glands) yields a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

5 parts after stimulus but before response in simple reflect arc

A
  1. Receptor
  2. sensory neuron
  3. integration center
  4. motor neuron
  5. effector
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Central nervous system (CNS) parts and location

A

Brain and spinal cord of dorsal body cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

CNS job 3 parts

A
  1. Integration and control center
  2. Interprets sensory input and dictates motor output
  3. Motor output is based on reflexes, past experience, and/or current situation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Location

A

The portion of the nervous system outside CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

PNS Consists mainly of

A

nerves that extend from brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Two types of nerves in PNS

A

Spinal and Cranial Nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Spinal nerves

A

to and from spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cranial nerves

A

to and from brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

PNS response simple term (common)

A

FIGHT OR FLIGHT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Histology of nervous tissue

A

Highly cellular; little extracellular space

Tightly packed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 2 principal nervous cell types?

A

Neuroglia

Neurons (nerve cells )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Neurons (nerve cells )

A

excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Neuroglia

A

small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons: AKA glial cells, 6 types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

6 types of neuroglia

A 
Astrocytes (CNS)
Microglial cells (CNS)
Ependymal cells (CNS)
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Satellite cells (PNS)
Schwann cells (PNS)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What neuroglia is most abundant?

A

Astrocytes (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Astrocytes (CNS)

A

Most abundant, versatile, and highly branched glial cells with radiating processes that

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do astrocytes cling to?

A

Cling to neurons, synaptic endings, and capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Astrocyte function

A

Functions include
Support and brace neurons and anchor them to their nutrient supply
Play role in exchanges between capillaries and neurons
Guide migration of young neurons
Control chemical environment around neurons and calcium concentration
Respond to nerve impulses and recycle neurotransmitters
Influence neuronal functioning
Participate in information processing in brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe Microglial cells (CNS)

A

Small, ovoid cells with thorny processes that touch and monitor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Microglial cells (CNS) monitor

A

Monitor the health of neurons then migrate toward injured neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Microglial cells (CNS) transform

A

Can transform into a type of macrophage to phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why are microglial cells vital?

A

Important because immune cells aren’t very permeable through the blood-brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Describe Ependymal Cells

A

Range in shape from squamous to columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Ependymal Cells may be

A

ciliated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Ependymal Cells line

A

Line the central cavities of the brain and spinal column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Ependymal Cells form

A

Form permeable barrier between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in cavities and tissue fluid bathing CNS cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Oligodendrocytes are

A

branched cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Oligodendrocytes processes

A

Processes wrap CNS nerve fibers, forming insulating myelin sheaths thicker nerve fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What gets damaged in MS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Autoimmune disease is when

A

immune system attacks itself, they use chemo to stop immune response they don’t know why human body does this.
Different types of MS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Satellite cells Function

A

similar to astrocytes of CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Surround neuron cell bodies in PNS

A

Satellite cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Surround all peripheral nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths in thicker nerve fibers

A

Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes) Function

A

Similar function as oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Schwann Cells (neurolemmocytes) vital to what?

A

Vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Satellite cells anchor

A

neurons nerves need constant blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Schwann cells have different

A

mylein sheath in some

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Nerve cell are

A

amitotic, they don’t divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Neurons

A

Structural units of nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Neurons size and f(x)

A

Large, highly specialized cells that conduct impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How long do neurons last?

A

Extreme longevity ( 100 yrs or more if healthy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Neurons are Amitotic but?

A

with few exceptions (hippocampus: involved with memory and recall)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Neuron high metabolic rate why?

A

High metabolic rate—requires continuous supply of oxygen and glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

All neurons have this?

A

All have a cell body and one or more processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Biosynthetic center of neuron does what?

A

Synthesizes proteins, membranes, and other chems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Biosynthetic center of neuron has what?

A 
Rough ER (chromatophillic substance or nissel bodie)
Most active and best developed in body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Neuron cell body has?

A

Biosynthetic center of neuron
Spherical nucleus with nucleolus
Some contain pigments
In most, plasma membrane part of receptive region
Most neuron cell bodies in CNS
Nuclei – clusters of neuron cell bodies in CNS
Ganglia – lie along nerves in PNS (ganglion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Ganglia –

A

lie along nerves in PNS (ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Nuclei –

A

clusters of neuron cell bodies in CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Nucleolus develops what?

A

ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Chromatophilc-

A

stains easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Neuron Processes

A

Armlike processes extend from body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Neuron Processes in CNS

A

Both neuron cell bodies and their processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Neuron Processes PNS

A

Chiefly neuron processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Tracts

A

Bundles of neuron processes in CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of neuron processes in PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Two types of neuron processes

A

Dendrites (afferent**)

Axon (efferent**)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Dendrites In motor neurons how many?

A

100s of short, tapering, diffusely branched processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Receptive (input) region of neuron
Large surface area for information collection
Synapses with other neurons (bring info to dend)
Convey incoming messages toward cell body as graded potentials (short distance signals)
In many brain areas fine dendrites specialized
Collect information with dendritic spines
Appendages with bulbous or spiky ends

A

Dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Receive info from sensory receptors or other neurons
Processes allow large surface cuz a lot of info
Graded potential = ap but shorte distance r, ap goes a meter about
Slightly mylienated, no schwann cells
Specialized due to information goes to specific motor movement ex) vision different from moving arm or leg

A

Dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Describe Axon Structure

A

One axon per cell arising from axon hillock
Cone-shaped area of cell body
In some neurons, the axon is short or absent (no msg)
In others, encompasses most of the length of neuron
Some 1 meter long
Long axons called nerve fibers
Occasional branches (axon collaterals)
Branches profusely at end (terminus)
Can be 10,000 terminal branches
Distal endings called axon terminals or terminal boutons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Long axons are called ?

A

nerve fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

axon collaterals

A

Occasional branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Branches profusely at end

A

terminus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

distal endings are called what?

A

axon terminals or terminal boutons

more common is axon terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Axon absent are during

A

depol for other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Nerve fibers are collections

A

of axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

axon functional characteristics

A

Conducting region of neuron
Generates nerve impulses
Transmits them along axolemma (neuron cell membrane) to axon terminal
Secretory region (not where they are produced)
Neurotransmitters released into extracellular space
Either excite or inhibit neurons with which axons in close contact
Carries on many conversations with different neurons at same time (through electrical gradients)
Lacks rough ER and Golgi apparatus (don’t create protein)
Relies on cell body to renew proteins and membranes
Efficient transport mechisms for proteins and memrbanes
Quickly decay if cut or damaged (take a long time to regenerate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What is the conducting region of the neuron?

A

axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What part of neuron generates nerve impulses?

A

axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What part of neuron transmits nerve impulses along the axolemma (neuron cell membrane) to axon terminal?

A

axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What part of neuron is the secretory region of nerve impulses?

A

axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Neurotransmitters released into extracellular space

and cause?

A

Either excite or inhibit neurons with which axons in close contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What carries on many conversations with different neurons at same time (through electrical gradients)?

A

axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What Lacks rough ER and Golgi apparatus (don’t create protein)?

A

axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What Relies on cell body to renew proteins and membranes

A

axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What Efficient transport mechisms for proteins and memrbanes?

A

axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What will Quickly decay if cut or damaged (take a long time to regenerate)?

A

axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Axons conduct info

A

away from the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

The myelin sheath is comprised of

A

mylein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Mylein

A

Whitish, protein-lipoid substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Segmented sheath around most long or large-diameter axons
Dendrites are always non-myelinated (they have shwann cells)
Myelinated fibers
Function of myelin
Protects and electrically insulates axon
Increases speed of nerve impulse transmission

Nonmyelinated fibers conduct impulses more slowly

A

Mylein sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What is a Segmented sheath around most long or large-diameter axons?

A

mylein sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Dendrites are always non-myelinated or myelinated?

A

Dendrites are always non-myelinated (they have shwann cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

2 functions of mylein

A

Protects and electrically insulates axon

Increases speed of nerve impulse transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What fiber conducts nerve impulses more slowly?

A

nonmyleninated fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

mylein sheath is similar to what in your afsc?

A

welding coat on electrode that insulates the weld

jumps arc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Myelination in the PNS

A

Formed by schwann cells
Wrap around axon in jelly roll fashion
One cell forms one segment of myelin sheath
Myelin sheath
Concentric layers of schwann cell plasma membrane around axon
Outer collar of perinuclear cytoplasm (formerly called neurilemma)
Peripheral bulge of schwann cell containing nucleus and most of cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

How is myelination formed in PNS?

A

Formed by schwann cells
Wrap around axon in jelly roll fashion
One cell forms one segment of myelin sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

What makes up myelin sheath in PNS?

A

Concentric layers of schwann cell plasma membrane around axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Outer collar of perinuclear cytoplasm (formerly called neurilemma) is made of what?

A

Peripheral bulge of schwann cell containing nucleus and most of cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Process of Myelination in PNS 3 steps

A

1.) Schwann cell develops an axon

2.) The Schwann cell then rotates
around the axon, wrapping its
plasma membrane loosely around
it in successive layers.


















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















101










Q













What gets damaged in ALS?

















A



















Myelination in PNS because Schwann cells get damaged and messes everything else up















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















102










Q













Plasma membranes of myelinating cells have

















A



















less protein















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















103










Q















Why do Plasma membranes of myelinating cells have


less protein?



















A



















No channels or carriers (don’t conduct electrical impulse)
Good electrical insulator
Interlocking proteins bind adjacent myelin membranes















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















104










Q













Nodes of ranvier

















A





















(conduction of electrical impulse across the axon)


like arc welding

















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















105










Q













2 aspects of nodes of ranvier

















A





















Myelin sheath gaps between adjacent schwann cells


Sites where axon collaterals can emerge

















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















106










Q













Nonmyelinated fibers are

















A



















Thin fibers not wrapped in myelin; surrounded by schwann cells but no coiling; one cell may surround 15 different fibers















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















107










Q













Myelin Sheaths in the CNS  formed by

















A



















Formed by multiple, flat processes of oligodendrocytes, not whole cells















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















108










Q













Myelin Sheaths in the CNS wrap how many axons at once

















A



















60 axons at once















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















109










Q













Are nodes of ranvier present in Myelin Sheaths in the CNS formed by

















A



















Nodes of ranvier are present















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















110










Q













No outer collar of perinuclear cytoplasm in Myelin Sheaths in the CNS

















A



















No outer collar of perinuclear cytoplasm















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















111










Q













size of fibers and covered by what in Myelin Sheaths in the CNS

















A





















Thinnest fibers are unmyelinated


Covered by long extensions of adjacent neuroglia

















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















112










Q













White matter

















A



















Regions of brain and spinal cord with dense collections of myelinated fibers – usually fiber tracts















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















113










Q













Gray matter

















A



















Mostly neuron cell bodies and nonmyelinated fibers















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















114










Q













Function in gray matter

















A



















processing















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















115










Q













What matter has role in MS and axons ?

















A



















white matter















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















116










Q













Sensory Neurons

















A





















Transmit impulse from sensory receptors in skin/organs twd cns (integration)


Almost all are Unipolar

















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















117










Q













Sensory Neurons  are what kind of polar?

















A



















unipolar















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















118










Q













Where are the sensory neuron cell bodies located?

















A



















Cell bodies in ganglia in PNS















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















119










Q













Motor Neurons Carry impulsess

















A



















from CNS to effectors















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















120










Q













Motor Neurons are what polar?

















A



















Multipolar















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















121










Q













Where are cell bodies of motor neurons located?

















A



















Most cell bodies in CNS (except some autonomic neurons)















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















122










Q













Interneurons

















A



















(association neurons)















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















123










Q













Where are interneurons located?

















A



















Lie btw motor and sensory neurons















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















124










Q













What do interneurons do? Where?

















A



















Shuttle signals through CNS pathways where integration of information occurs; most are entirely within CNS















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















125










Q













What are 99% of body’s neurons?

















A



















interneurons















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















126










Q













Where are interneurons confined?

















A



















Most confined in CNS















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















127










Q













Neurons are highly what (membrane potential)?

















A



















irritable















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















128










Q













Neurons respond to what > (membrane potential)?

















A



















Respond to adequate/threshold stimulus by generating an action potential (nerve impulse) along the axon length















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















129










Q













What is the impulse always in neurons regardless of what?

















A



















Impulse is always the same regardless of stimulus















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















130










Q













what is the resting membrane potential?

















A



















Potential difference across membrane of resting cell















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















131










Q













Numeric value for resting membrane potential and how come?

















A



















Approximately –70 mV in neurons (cytoplasmic side of membrane negatively charged relative to outside)















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















132










Q













What is the actual voltage difference numeric value in resting membrane potential?

















A



















Actual voltage difference varies from -40 mV to -90 mV















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















133










Q













What is membrane in resting potential termed?

















A



















Membrane termed polarized















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















134










Q













What is the resting membrane potential generated by? 2 things

















A



















Generated by:
Differences in ionic makeup of ICF and ECF 
Differential permeability of the plasma membrane















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















135










Q













How is that generated by Differences in ionic makeup of ICF and ECF 
Differential permeability of the plasma membrane? 2 things again

















A





















Higher K concentration inside the cell with protein anions creating a negative membrane charge


Large concentration of Na+ outside the cell making the outside environment more positive

















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















136










Q













Differences in Plasma Membrane  Permeability  Characteristics in Nerve  cell

















A





















Impermeable large anionic proteins
Slightly permeable to Na+ (through leakage channels)


25 times more permeable to K+ than sodium (more leakage channels)
Potassium diffuses out of cell down concentration gradient
Quite permeable to Cl–

















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















137










Q













What happens with K+ during plasma membrane resting potential in nerve cell?

















A



















More potassium diffuses out than sodium diffuses in















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















138










Q













What does Na+ K+ Pump do in resting membrane potential of nerve cell?

















A



















Sodium-potassium pump stabilizes resting membrane potential















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















139










Q













How does sodium potassium pump work in resting memb potential in nerve cell?

















A





















Maintains concentration gradients for Na+ and K+


3 Na+ pumped out of cell; 2 K+ pumped in

















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















140










Q













Membrane potential changes when

















A





















Concentrations of ions across membrane change


Membrane permeability to ions changes

















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















141










Q













Changes produce two types signals

















A





















Graded potentials


Action potentials

















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















142










Q













Graded potentials

















A



















Incoming signals operating over short distances















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















143










Q













Action potentials

















A



















Long-distance signals of axons















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















144










Q













What do changes in membrane potential do in nerve cells?

















A



















Changes in membrane potential used as signals to receive, integrate, and send information















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















145










Q













Terms of change of membrane potential are relative to what potential?

















A



















Terms describing membrane potential changes relative to resting membrane potential















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















146










Q













What is occurring in depolarization of nerve cell membrane?

















A



















Decrease in membrane potential (toward zero and above)
Inside of membrane becomes less negative than resting membrane potential
Increases probability of producing a nerve impulse
        Either graded or action potential















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















147










Q













depolarization increases the probablity of what? what are they called?

















A





















Increases probability of producing a nerve impulse


Either graded or action potential

















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















148










Q













Hyperpolarization what occurs?

















A





















An increase in membrane potential (away from zero)


Inside of cell becomes more negative than resting membrane potential)

















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















149










Q













Hyperpolarization  reduces probablity of ?

















A



















Reduces probability of producing a nerve impulse















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















150










Q













Hyperpolarization is the action of what kind of drugs?

















A



















Action of anti-anxiety medicine















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















151










Q













Why does hyperpolarization provide the reaction that it does?

















A



















No neural stimulus, keeps you relaxed since it reduces probability of producing a nerve impulse















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















152










Q













How long are grade potentials and why?

















A



















Short-lived, localized changes in membrane potential
Magnitude varies with stimulus strength
Stronger stimulus  more voltage changes; farther current flows















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















153










Q













Graded potential is what polarization wave?

















A



















Either depolarization or hyperpolarization















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















154










Q













Graded potential are triggered by what?

















A



















Triggered by stimulus that opens gated ion channels















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















155










Q













GRADED POTENTIAL current flows  and how?

















A



















Current flows but dissipates quickly and decays
Graded potentials are signals only over short distances
Positive ions move toward negative charges, therefore the charge flows in one direction















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















156










Q













Why does Membrane potential decays with distance?

















A



















Because current is
lost through the “leaky” plasma membrane, the voltage declines with
distance from the stimulus (the voltage is decremental).
Consequently, graded potentials are short-distance signals.















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















157










Q













What is AP?

















A



















Brief reversal of membrane potential with a change in voltage of ~100 mV















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















158










Q













How are AP different from GP?

















A



















Do not decay over distance as graded potentials do















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















159










Q













How does depolarization activate AP?

















A





















Depolarizing local currents open voltage-gated Na+ channels


Na+ influx causes more depolarization which opens more Na+ channels  ICF less negative

















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















160










Q













What happens at threshold for depolarizaton to activate AP?

















A



















At threshold (–55 to –50 mV) positive feedback causes opening of all Na+ channels  a reversal of membrane polarity to +30mV
Spike of action potential















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















161










Q













Repolarizing phase what happens?

















A





















Na+ channel slow inactivation gates close
Membrane permeability to Na+ declines to resting state


Slow voltage-gated K+ channels open
K+ exits the cell and internal negativity is restored

















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















162










Q













What stops increasing during repolarization

















A



















AP spike stops rising















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















163










Q













What happens during hyper polarization?

















A





















Some K+ channels remain open, allowing excessive K+ efflux


This causes hyperpolarization of the membrane (slight dip below resting voltage)
Na+ channels begin to reset

















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















164










Q













What does hyperpolzartion do resting voltage?

















A



















This causes hyperpolarization of the membrane (slight dip below resting voltage)















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















165










Q













What is constantly leaving during hyper polarization?

















A



















K constnaly leaving cell causes hyperpolarization















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















166










Q













What happens with ions in Resting state?

















A





















No ions move through voltage-gated


channels.

















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















167










Q













Depolarization is caused by what ion?

















A



















Na+ flowing into the cell















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















168










Q













Repolarization is caused by ion?

















A





















K+ flowing


out of the cell.

















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















169










Q















Hyperpolarization is


caused by



















A





















K+ continuing to


leave the cell.

















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















170










Q













What do not all depolarization events yield?

















A



















Not all depolarization events produce APs















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















171










Q













What does an axon need to get triggered by?

















A



















For axon to “fire”, depolarization must reach thresholdThat voltage at which the AP is triggered















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















172










Q













What happens at threshold during depolarization?

















A



















At threshold:
Membrane has been depolarized by 15 to 20 mV 
Na+ permeability increases
Na influx exceeds K+ efflux















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















173










Q













What cycle begins after threshold?

















A



















The positive feedback cycle begins















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















174










Q













What kind of phenomenon is threshold?

















A





















All-or-None phenomenon


An AP either happens completely, or it does not happen at all

















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















175










Q













What is ALL or none phenomenon ?

















A





















All-or-None phenomenon


An AP either happens completely, or it does not happen at all

















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















176










Q













propagation

















A





















increase in numbers


spreading

















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















177










Q













Propagation allows

















A



















AP to serve as a signaling device















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















178










Q













AP is a

















A



















signaling device















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















179










Q













By  propagation, what happens with ions?

















A



















Na+ influx causes local currents (electrical flow)















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















180










Q













how does Na+ influx causes local currents (electrical flow)?

















A



















Local currents cause depolarization of adjacent membrane areas in direction away from AP origin (toward axon’s terminals)
Local currents trigger an AP there: From positive to negative, one way propagation
This causes the AP to propagate AWAY from the AP origin















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















181










Q













Since Na+ channels closer to AP origin are (propagation)

















A



















inactivated no new AP is generated there















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















182










Q













Once initiated an AP is what and how so?

















A



















self-propagating
In nonmyelinated axons each successive segment of membrane depolarizes, then repolarizes
Propagation in myelinated axons differs















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















183










Q













Absolute refractory period is?

















A



















When voltage-gated Na+ channels open neuron cannot respond to another stimulus















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















184










Q













Absolute refractory period Ensures

















A



















that each AP is an all-or-none event















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















185










Q













Absolute refractory period Enforces

















A



















one-way transmission of nerve impulses















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















186










Q













Conduction velocities of neurons

















A



















vary widely















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















187










Q













Rate of AP propagation depends on

















A



















Axon diameter















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















188










Q













Degree of myelination

















A



















Continuous conduction in unmyelinated axons is slower than saltatory conduction in myelinated axons















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















189










Q













Function/ role of myelin sheath

















A



















Myelin sheaths insulate and prevent leakage of charge















How well did you know this?






1


Not at all






2




3




4




5


Perfectly
















190










Q













Fasted conduction


















A













Saltatory conduction (possible only in myelinated axons) is about 30times faster















191










Q















Why is saltatory conduction the fastest?


think about arc welding




















A













Voltage-gated Na+ channels are located at myelin sheath gaps
APs generated only at gaps
Electrical signal appears to jump rapidly from gap to gap















192










Q













In bare plasma membranes, voltage decays.


















A













Without voltage-gated channels, as on a dendrite,
voltage decays because current leaks across the
membrane.















193










Q















In nonmyelinated axons, conduction is slow


continuous conduction




















A













Voltage-gated Na+ and K+
channels regenerate the action potential at each point
along the axon, so voltage does not decay. Conduction
is slow because it takes time for ions and for gates of
channel proteins to move, and this must occur before
voltage can be regenerated.















194










Q















In myelinated axons, conduction is fast (saltatory


conduction).




















A













Myelin keeps current in axons
(voltage doesn’t decay much). APs are generated only
in the myelin sheath gaps and appear to jump rapidly 
from gap to gap.















195










Q













Group A fibers


















A













Large diameter, thickly myelinated somatic sensory and motor fibers of skin, skeletal muscles, joints















196










Q













Group B fibers


















A













Intermediate diameter, lightly myelinated fibers















197










Q













Group C fibers


















A













Smallest diameter, unmyelinated ANS fibers















198










Q













Why does nervous system work?


















A













Nervous system works because information flows from neuron to neuron















199










Q













What are Neurons functionally connected by ?


















A













synapses















200










Q













Synapses are what? how?


















A













Junctions that mediate information transfer From one neuron to another neuron Or from one neuron to an effector cell















201










Q













Presynaptic neuron role


















A













Sends the information















202










Q













Postsynaptic neuron location


















A













(in PNS may be a neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell)















203










Q













Postsynaptic neuron  function


















A













Receives the information















204










Q













Postsynaptic neuron and Presynaptic neuron can what?


















A













Most function as both















205










Q













Transmission crosses what?


















A













synaptic cleft















206










Q













Tranmission across the synaptic cleft is what kind of event?


















A













Chemical event (as opposed to an electrical one)















207










Q













Synaptic cleft depends on what?


















A













Depends on release, diffusion, and receptor binding of neurotransmitters















208










Q













Synaptic cleft Ensures


















A













Ensures unidirectional communication between neurons















209










Q













AP arrives at what during transmission across chem synapsis?


















A













axon terminal of presynaptic neuron















210










Q













Info transfer across synaspes causes what? and how?


















A















Causes voltage-gated Ca2+ channels to open


Ca2+ floods into cell

















211










Q













Synaptotagmin protein binds (info transfer chem synapse)


















A













Ca2+ and promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles with axon membrane















212










Q













What occurs after synaptotagmin protein binding during info transfer chem synapse ? and higher what ?


















A















Exocytosis of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft occurs


Higher impulse frequency –> more released

















213










Q













What diffuses across synapse during info chem transfer ?


















A













Neurotransmitter diffuses across synapse















214










Q













Neurotransmitter does what in chem transfer in synapse? how so?


















A















Binds to receptors on postsynaptic neuron


Often chemically-gated ion channels

















215










Q













What are opened when there are neurotransmitter transmitted across synapse chem? What does that cause?


















A













Ion channels are opened
Causes an excitatory or inhibitory event (graded potential)
Neurotransmitter effects terminated















216










Q













Neurotransmitters are considered to be what of the nervous system?


















A













Language of nervous system















217










Q













How many neurotransmitter have been id?


















A













50 or more neurotransmitters have been identified















218










Q













What are neurotransmitters made up of? this exerts what?


















A















Most neurons make two or more neurotransmitters


Neurons can exert several influences

















219










Q













When are neurotransmitters usually released?


















A













Usually released at different stimulation frequencies















220










Q













Neurotransmitters are classified by what?


















A













Classified by chemical structure and by function















221










Q













Acetylcholine


















A













(ACh)















222










Q













What neurotransmitter was the first identified?


















A













ACh















223










Q













What neurotransmitter is the best understood?


















A













ACh















224










Q













ACh is released by what?


















A













Released at neuromuscular junctions ,by some ANS neurons, by some CNS neurons















225










Q













ACh is synthesized from what?


















A













Synthesized from acetic acid and choline by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase















226










Q













ACh is degraded by what?


















A













Degraded by enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE)















227










Q













ACh is released by ?


















A













Released by all neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles















228










Q













ACh excitatory by what muscle?


















A













Excitatory: Skeletal muscle















229










Q













ACh inhibitory by what tissue?


















A













Inhibitory: Cardiac tissue















230










Q













How are neurotransmitters classified by?


















A













chem structure















231










Q













4 Chem structure classifications of neurotransmitters


















A













    

  1. ) Biogenic Amines
    2. 

  2. ) Amino Acids
    3. 

  3. ) Peptides (Neuropiptides)
    4. 

  4. ) Gases and Lipids (gasotransmitters)
    5. 
















232










Q













Biogenic Amines 2 groups that make them up


















A















Catecholamines


Indolamines

















233










Q













Catecholamines consist of …?


















A













Dopamine, norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine















234










Q













Catecholamines are synthesized from?


















A













Synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine















235










Q













Indolamines


















A













Serotonin and histamine















236










Q













What is serotonin synthesized from ?


















A













Serotonin synthesized from amino acid tryptophan;















237










Q













What is histamine synthesized?


















A













histamine synthesized from amino acid histidine















238










Q













Biogenic Amines  are distributed in brain how?


















A













Broadly distributed in brain















239










Q













Biogenic amines play a role in what?


















A













Play roles in emotional behaviors and biological clock















240










Q













Some ANS motor neurons release (especially NE)


















A













Biogenic amines















241










Q













What type of chem functional enzyme has Imbalances associated with mental illness


















A













Biogenic amines















242










Q













What 4 amino acids are chemical structure neurotransmitters?


















A













Glutamate
Aspartate
Glycine
GABA—gamma ()-aminobutyric acid















243










Q













Neuropeptides consist of what 3 ?


















A















Substance P


Endorphins


Gut-brain peptides

















244










Q













Substance P role


















A













Mediator of pain signals















245










Q













Endorphins kinds


















A













Beta endorphin, dynorphin and enkephalins















246










Q













Endorphins act as what?


















A













Act as natural opiates; reduce pain perception















247










Q













Example of endorphins


















A













Runners high















248










Q













Gut-brain peptides types


















A













Somatostatin and cholecystokinin















249










Q













Examples of gasotransmitters


















A













Nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide gases (H2S)















250










Q













Gasotransmitters bind with what?


















A













Bind with G protein–coupled receptors in the brain















251










Q













gasotransmitters are what soluble?


















A













Lipid soluble















252










Q













Gasotransmitters are synthesized how?


















A













Synthesized on demand















253










Q













NO (g) gasotransmitter is involved in ?


















A













NO involved in learning and formation of new memories; brain damage in stroke patients, smooth muscle relaxation in intestine















254










Q













H2S acts as how?


















A













H2S acts directly on ion channels to alter function















255










Q













Effects of Neurotransmitter (two things)


















A













excitatory versus inhibitory















256










Q













Neurotransmitter effect can be what?


















A













Neurotransmitter effects can be excitatory (depolarizing) and/or inhibitory (hyperpolarizing)















257










Q













How is neurotransmitter effected by?


















A













Effect determined by receptor to which it binds















258










Q













GABA and glycine usually are what neurotransmitter effect?


















A













inhibitory















259










Q













Glutamate usually are what neurotransmitter effect ?


















A













excitatory















260










Q













How do ACh an NE work?


















A













Acetylcholine and NE bind to at least two receptor types with opposite effects















261










Q













ACh works how for skel muscle?


















A













ACh excitatory at neuromuscular junctions in skeletal muscle















262










Q













ACh functions how for cardiac muscle?


















A













ACh inhibitory in cardiac muscle















263










Q













How do neurons function?


















A













Neurons function in groups















264










Q













The neuron groups contribute to what?


















A













Groups contribute to broader neural functions















265










Q













Where are there billion of neurons?


















A













There are billions of neurons in CNS















266










Q













Why are there billions of neurons?


















A













Must be integration so the individual parts fuse to make a smoothly operating whole















267










Q













CNS is made up?


















A













brain and spinal cord















268










Q













What are the 4 adult brain regions?


















A













1) Cerebral hemispheres
2) Diencephalon
3) Brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla)
4) Cerebellum















269










Q













Brain


















A















Similar pattern
Additional areas of gray matter in brain
Cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum


Cortex disappears in brain stem


Ventricles: 4 ventricles

















270










Q













What are ventricles of brain filled with?


















A













Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)















271










Q













Ventricles in brain are connected how?


















A













Connected to one another and to central canal of spinal cord















272










Q













Lateral ventricleS and third ventricle connected by what?


















A













Lateral ventricles  third ventricle via interventricular foramen















273










Q













Third and and fourth ventricle are connected via?


















A













Third ventricle  fourth ventricle via cerebral aqueduct















274










Q













Cerebral Hemispheres are what?


















A













Surface markings















275










Q













What are the cerebral hemispheres are surface markings identified by?


















A















Elevated ridges (gyri), shallow grooves (sulci), and deep grooves (fissures)
Longitudinal fissure


Transverse cerebral fissure

















276










Q













What are the 5 lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?


















A













1) Frontal
2) Parietal 
3) Temporal 
4) Occipital
5) Insula















277










Q













Central sulcus of cerebral hemispheres is what ?


















A













Separates precentral gyrus of frontal lobe and postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe















278










Q













Parieto-occipital sulcus Separates


















A













occipital and parietal lobes















279










Q













Lateral sulcus outlines the?


















A













temporal lobes















280










Q













Insula is what?


















A













Fifth lobe of the cerebral hemisphere, buried within the lateral sulcus















281










Q













Three basic regions of Cerebral Hemispheres


















A













Cerebral cortex of gray matter superficially
White matter internally (communication)
Basal nuclei deep within white matter















282










Q













Cerebral cortex


















A













of gray matter superficially















283










Q













White matter


















A













internally (communication)















284










Q













Basal nuclei deep


















A













within white matter















285










Q













Thin (2–4 mm) superficial layer of gray matter
40% mass of brain
Site of conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding


















A













Cerebral Cortex















286










Q













What is the Thin (2–4 mm) superficial layer of gray matter


















A













Cerebral cortex















287










Q













What is 40% mass of brain?


















A













Cerebral cortex















288










Q













What part of the region of the cerebral hemisphere is the site of conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding?


















A













Cerebral cortex















289










Q













4 General Considerations of Cerebral Cortex


















A















1) Three types of functional areas
       1. ) Motor areas
       2. ) Sensory areas
       3. ) Association areas
2) Each hemisphere concerned with contralateral side of body


3) Lateralization (specialization)of cortical function in hemispheres


4) Conscious behavior involves entire cortex in some way
	- No functional region of the brain acts alone

















290










Q













What is the Primary Motor Cortex located?


















A













Located in the large pyramidal cells of precentral gyri















291










Q













In Primary Motor Cortex there are Long axons that are called


















A













pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts of spinal cord: Voluntary motor tracts















292










Q













Function of Primary Motor Cortex


















A













Allows conscious control of precise, skilled, skeletal muscle movements















293










Q













In Primary Motor Cortex, Motor homunculi -


















A













upside-down caricatures represent contralateral motor innervation of body regions















294










Q













Premotor cortex does what?


















A













Helps plan movements; staging area for skilled motor activities















295










Q













Premotor cortex controls what?


















A













Controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills (typing, musical instrument)  , and Controls voluntary actions that depend on sensory feedback















296










Q













Premotor cortex coordinates what?


















A













Coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions















297










Q













Broca’s Area location


















A













Present in one hemisphere (usually the left)















298










Q













Broca’s area functions


















A













Motor speech area that directs muscles of speech production















299










Q













Broca’s area active in?


















A













Active in planning speech and voluntary motor activities















300










Q













Frontal Eye Field Controls


















A













Controls voluntary eye movements















301










Q













What are the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex?


















A













Conscious awareness of sensation
Occur in parietal, insular, temporal, and occipital lobes
�Primary somatosensory cortex
Somatosensory association cortex
Visual areas
Auditory areas 
�Vestibular cortex
Olfactory cortex
Gustatory cortex
Visceral sensory area�















302










Q













Anterior Association Area  is aka what?


















A













Prefrontal Cortex















303










Q













What is the most common cortical region?


















A













(Prefrontal Cortex) Anterior Association Area















304










Q













(Prefrontal Cortex)Anterior Association Area is involved in what?


















A













Involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality















305










Q













What contains working memory needed for abstract ideas, judgment, reasoning, persistence, and planning ?


















A













(Prefrontal Cortex)Anterior Association Area















306










Q













Development depends on what in Prefrontal Cortex or Anterior Association Area?


















A













feedback from social environment















307










Q













Posterior Association Area  is what region? and size?


















A













Large region in temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes















308










Q













What Plays role in recognizing patterns and faces and localizing us in space?


















A













Posterior Association Area















309










Q













What is Involved in understanding written and spoken language (Wernicke’s area)?


















A













Posterior Association Area















310










Q













Limbic Association Area  is part of what?


















A













Part of limbic system















311










Q













What Involves cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and hippocampus?


















A













Limbic Association Area















312










Q













What provides emotional impact that makes scene important and helps establish memories ?


















A













Limbic Association Area















313










Q













In Lateralization of Cortical Function  what are almost identical?


















A













hemispheres















314










Q













Lateralization -


















A













division of labor between hemispheres















315










Q













What is lateralization also called?


















A













Also called split-brain concept















316










Q













Cerebral dominance -


















A













hemisphere dominant for language (left hemisphere - 90% people), mathematics, and logic















317










Q













Left hemisphere (Lateralization of Cortical Function)


















A













tba















318










Q













Right hemisphere (Lateralization of Cortical Function)


















A













tba















319










Q













How quickly do the hemispheres communicate and how they do this?


















A













Hemispheres communicate almost instantaneously via fiber tracts and functional integration















320










Q













Cerebral White Matter  is what?


















A













Myelinated fibers and tracts















321










Q













Cerebral White Matter does what?


















A













Communication between cerebral areas, and between cortex and lower CNS















322










Q













What 3 fibers make up Cerebral white matter?


















A













Association fibers 
Commissural fibers 
Projection fibers















323










Q













Association fibers—


















A













horizontal; connect different parts of same hemisphere















324










Q













Commissural fibers—


















A













horizontal; connect gray matter of two hemispheres















325










Q













Projection fibers—


















A













vertical; connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord















326










Q













what makes up the Basal nuclei/ganglia?


















A















Subcortical nuclei


    

  • Caudate nucleus
    • 

  • Putamen
    • 

  • Globus pallidus
    • 


















327










Q













Caudate nucleus + putamen =


















A













striatum















328










Q













Putamen + globus pallidus =


















A













lentiform nucleus















329










Q













What is basal nuclei/ganglia associated with?


















A













Associated with subthalamic nuclei (diencephalon) and substantia nigra (midbrain)















330










Q













Basal nuclei 5 functions


















A













Functions thought to be
        1 Influence muscle movements 
        2 Role in cognition and emotion
        3 Regulate intensity of slow or stereotyped movements
        4 Filter out incorrect/inappropriate responses
        5 Inhibit antagonistic/unnecessary movements















331










Q













What  Influence muscle movements?


















A













Basal Nuclei















332










Q













What part of brain has role in cognition and emotion?


















A













Basal Nuclei















333










Q













What Regulate intensity of slow or stereotyped movements?


















A













Basal Nuclei















334










Q













what Filter out incorrect/inappropriate responses?


















A













Basal nuclei















335










Q













What Inhibit antagonistic/unnecessary movements?


















A













basal nuclei















336










Q













What Three paired structures make up the Diencephalon ?


















A













Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus















337










Q













What Encloses third ventricle?


















A













Diencephalon















338










Q













What is Gateway to cerebral cortex?


















A













Thalamus















339










Q













What Sorts, edits, and relays ascending input?


















A













Thalamus















340










Q













The Thalamus sorts, edits, and relays ascending inputs that what??


















A













Impulses from hypothalamus for regulation of emotion and visceral function
Impulses from cerebellum and basal nuclei to help direct motor cortices
Impulses for memory or sensory integration















341










Q













What Mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory?


















A













Thalamus















342










Q













What Controls autonomic nervous system (e.g., blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility, respiration, pupil size, etc.)?


















A













Hypothalamus















343










Q













What takes a part in the Physical responses/manifestations to emotions (limbic system)?


















A













Hypothalamus















344










Q













Example of the hypothalamus with Physical responses/manifestations to emotions (limbic system):


















A













Perception of pleasure, fear, and rage, and in biological rhythms and drives (sex drive)















345










Q













What Regulates body temperature – sweating/shivering?


















A













Hypothalamus















346










Q













What Regulates hunger and satiety in response to nutrient blood levels or hormones?


















A













Hypothalamus















347










Q













What Regulates water balance and thirst?


















A













hypothalamus















348










Q













What is example of how the hypothalamus  Regulates water balance and thirst?


















A













ADH from pituitary to increase water concentration















349










Q













What Regulates sleep-wake cycles?


















A













Hypothalamus















350










Q













Suprachiasmatic nucleus


















A













(biological clock)















351










Q













What Controls endocrine system?


















A













hypothalamus















352










Q













How does hypothalamus control endocrine sys?


















A













Produces releasing hormones
Controls hormone secretions of anterior pituitary gland (adenohyp)
Produces posterior pituitary (neurohypophosis) hormones















353










Q













What are posterior pit hormones?


















A















ADH


Oxytocin

















354










Q













What are 3 regions of the brain stem?


















A













Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata















355










Q













How is the brain stem different to spinal cord?


















A













Similar structure to spinal cord but contains nuclei embedded in white matter















356










Q















what Controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival






















A













Brain stem















357










Q













What Contains fiber tracts connecting higher and lower neural centers?


















A













brain stem















358










Q













The nuclei of brain stem are associated with what?


















A













Nuclei associated with 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves















359










Q













What separates pons and cerebellum?


















A













Fourth ventricle seperates pons and cerebellum















360










Q













Fibers of pons do what?


















A















Connect higher brain centers and spinal cord


Relay impulses between motor cortex and cerebellum

















361










Q













Origin of cranial nerves are (pons) ?


















A













V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), and VII (facial)















362










Q













Pons nuclei 2 things about them


















A















Some nuclei of reticular formation


Nuclei help maintain normal rhythm of breathing

















363










Q













Medulla oblongata Joins?


















A













spinal cord at foramen magnum















364










Q













Medulla oblongata forms?


















A













Forms part of ventral wall of fourth ventricle















365










Q













Medulla oblongata contains?


















A













Contains choroid plexus of fourth ventricle















366










Q













Medulla oblongata pyramids have what?


















A













Pyramids—contains two ventral longitudinal ridges formed by pyramidal tracts















367










Q













MEdulla oblongata Decussation of the pyramids—


















A













crossover of corticospinal tracts















368










Q













Inferior olivary nuclei of medulla oblongata


















A













—relay sensory information from muscles and joints to cerebellum















369










Q













Cranial nerves VIII, IX, X, and XII are associated with what?


















A













medulla















370










Q













Vestibular nuclei (pons and medulla)—


















A













mediate responses that maintain equilibrium















371










Q













Several nuclei (e.g., nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis) does what ?


















A













relay sensory information to the somatosensory cortex















372










Q













Functions of Medulla oblongata


















A















Autonomic reflex center
Functions overlap with hypothalamus
Hypothalamus relays instructions via medulla
Cardiovascular center
Cardiac center 


Vasomotor center
 Respiratory centers
Generate respiratory rhythm
Control rate and depth of breathing (with pontine centers)
Additional centers: Regulate
Vomiting
Hiccuping
Coughing
Swallowing
Sneezing

















373










Q













11% of brain mass is what?


















A













Cerebellum















374










Q













What is Dorsal to pons and medulla?


















A













cerebellum















375










Q













What gets Input from cortex, brain stem and sensory receptors ?


















A













cerebellum















376










Q















What


Allows smooth, coordinated movements?




















A













cerebellum















377










Q













Cerebellar hemispheres connected by?


















A













vermis















378










Q













Folia (of cerevellum) —


















A













transversely oriented gyri















379










Q













Each hemisphere of cerebellum has what?


















A













three lobes















380










Q













What are 3 lobes of each hemisphere of the cerebellum called?


















A













Anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular















381










Q













Arbor vitae— (cerebellum)


















A













treelike pattern of cerebellar white matter















382










Q













Cerebellum receives impulses from what ?


















A













cerebral cortex of  intent to initiate voluntary muscle contraction















383










Q













Cerebellum signals are from?


















A













Signals from proprioceptors and visual and equilibrium pathways continuously “inform” cerebellum of body’s position and momentum















384










Q













Cerebellar cortex calculates what?


















A













the best way to smoothly coordinate muscle contraction















385










Q













Last step of cerebellum processing?


















A













“Blueprint” of coordinated movement sent to cerebral motor cortex and brain stem nuclei















386










Q













2 Cognitive Functions of Cerebellum�


















A













Role in thinking, language, and emotion
May compare actual with expected output and adjust accordingly
�















387










Q













Limbic System is what part of the brain?


















A













Emotional or affective brain















388










Q













What 2 are two parts of limbic system?


















A















Amygdaloid body


Cingulate gyrus

















389










Q













Amygdaloid body—


















A













recognizes angry or fearful facial expressions, assesses danger, and elicits fear response















390










Q













Cingulate gyrus—


















A













role in expressing emotions via gestures, and resolves mental conflict















391










Q















What Puts emotional responses to odors?


Example: skunks smell bad




















A













Limbic system















392










Q













Where is Most output relayed via hypothalamus?


















A













Limbic sys















393










Q













What interacts with prefrontal lobes?


















A













Limbic sys















394










Q













What does  the limbic sys interacts with prefrontal lobes do?


















A













React emotionally to things we consciously understand to be happening
Consciously aware of emotional richness in our lives















395










Q













Hippocampus and amygdaloid body play a role in what?


















A













play a role in memory















396










Q













What Sends impulses to cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert?


















A













Reticular activating system (RAS)















397










Q













This Filters out repetitive, familiar, or weak stimuli (~99% of all stimuli!)


















A













Reticular activating system (RAS)















398










Q













What has Strong impulses reach our consciousness?


















A













RAS















399










Q













What is Inhibited by sleep centers, alcohol, drugs?


















A













RAS















400










Q













A Severe injury of what results in permanent unconsciousness (coma)?


















A













RAS















401










Q













What RAS motor function?


















A















Helps control coarse limb movements


Reticular autonomic centers regulate visceral motor functions

















402










Q













What are centers in RAS for motor function?


















A













Vasomotor centers
Cardiac center
Respiratory centers















403










Q













Memory


















A













Storage and retrieval of information















404










Q













What are the 2 stages of memory?


















A















Short-term memory


Long-term memory

















405










Q













Short-term memory


















A













(STM, or working memory)—temporary holding of information; limited to seven or eight pieces of information















406










Q













Long-term memory  has


















A













limitless capacity (LTM)















407










Q













Brain Structures Involved in Memory


















A













Hippocampus and surrounding temporal lobes function in consolidation and access to memory















408










Q













ACh from basal forebrain is necessary what?


















A













for memory formation and retrieval















409










Q













4 protections of BRain


















A













    

  1. )Bone (skull)
    2. 

  2. )Membranes (meninges)
    3. 

  3. )Watery cushion (cerebrospinal fluid)
    4. 

  4. ) Blood brain barrier
    5. 
















410










Q













Membranes (meninges) cover and protect?


















A















CNS


Protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses

















411










Q













Membranes (meninges) contain


















A













Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)















412










Q













Membranes (meninges) form


















A













Form partitions in skull















413










Q













How many layers do Membranes (meninges) have and what are they called?


















A













Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater















414










Q













Meningitis


















A













Inflammation of meninges















415










Q













Dura Mater  latin words


















A













Tough Mother















416










Q













What is the Strongest meninx?


















A













Dura Mater















417










Q













Dura Matter definition


















A













Two layers of fibrous connective tissue (around brain) separate to form dural venous sinuses















418










Q













Middle layer with weblike extensions is what?


















A













Arachnoid Mater















419










Q













What is Separated from dura mater by subdural space?


















A













Arachnoid Mater















420










Q













What has Subarachnoid space ?


















A













Arachnoid Mater















421










Q













Subarachnoid space contains


















A













contains CSF and largest blood vessels of brain















422










Q













Arachnoid villi of Arachnoid Mater protrude into superior sagittal sinus and permit . . .?


















A













CSF reabsorption into the venous blood















423










Q













Pia Mater  latin


















A













Gentle mother















424










Q













What is Pia Matter?


















A













Delicate vascularized connective tissue that clings tightly to brain















425










Q













CSF is Synthesized by what?


















A













choroid plexus in epithalamus















426










Q













CSF composition


















A















Watery solution formed from blood plasma


Less protein and different ion concentrations than plasma

















427










Q













CSF has a constant what?


















A













Constant volume















428










Q













CSF provides? ow?


















A















Gives buoyancy to CNS structures


Reduces weight by 97%

















429










Q













CSF function/ role


















A















Protects CNS from blow and other trauma


Nourishes the brain and carries chemical signals

















430










Q













Blood Brain Barrier  helps?


















A













Helps maintain stable environment for brain















431










Q













Blood brain barrier separates what?


















A













Separates neurons from some bloodborne substances















432










Q













Cellular make up Blood brain barrier?


















A















Continuous endothelium of capillary walls


Tight junctions

















433










Q













What kind of barrier does the blood brain barrier have?


















A













selective barrier















434










Q













The selected barrier of blood brain barrier allows what by how?


















A













Allows nutrients to move by facilitated diffusion















435










Q













What does Blood Brain Barrier deny?


















A













Metabolic wastes, proteins, toxins, most drugs, small nonessential amino acids, K+ denied















436










Q













What substances are allowed through the blood brain barrier?


















A













Allows any fat-soluble substances to pass, including alcohol, nicotine, and anesthetics















437










Q













WHERE IS blood brain barrier absent?


















A













Absent in some areas, e.g., vomiting center and hypothalamus, where necessary to monitor chemical composition of blood















438










Q













Where does spinal cord begin?


















A













Begins at the foramen magnum (C1)















439










Q













Where does spinal cord end?


















A













Ends at L1 or L2 vertebra















440










Q













2 functions of the spinal cord?


















A















Provides two-way communication to and from brain


Contains spinal reflex centers

















441










Q













Protection of spinal cord has what three things?


















A













Bone, meninges, and CSF















442










Q













Epidural space of spinal cord


















A













Cushion of fat and network of veins in space between vertebrae and spinal dura mater















443










Q













Where is CSF in spinal cord?


















A













CSF in subarachnoid space















444










Q













Dural and arachnoid membranes extend to what?


















A













sacrum, beyond end of cord at L1 or L2















445










Q













Where is site of lumbar puncture or tap?


















A













sacrum, beyond end of cord at L1 or L2















446










Q













Spinal nerves of spinal cord is part of what ?


















A













PNS















447










Q













Spinal nerves have how many pairs?


















A













31















448










Q













Cervical and lumbosacral enlargements of spinal cord


















A













Nerves serving upper and lower limbs emerge here















449










Q













Cauda equina of gray matter


















A













Collection of nerve roots at inferior end of vertebral canal















450










Q













Dorsal horns of gray matter-


















A













interneurons that receive somatic and visceral sensory input















451










Q













Ventral horns of gray matter


















A













some interneurons; somatic motor neurons; axons exit cord via ventral roots















452










Q













Lateral horns of gray matter


















A















sympathetic neurons


(only in thoracic and superior lumbar regions) -

















453










Q













Dorsal roots of gray matter


















A













– sensory input to cord (afferents)















454










Q













Dorsal root (spinal) ganglia gray matter—


















A













cell bodies of sensory neurons















455










Q













Motor pathways involve two neurons:


















A















Upper motor neurons


Lower motor neurons

















456










Q













Upper motor neurons


















A













Pyramidal cells in primary motor cortex















457










Q













Lower motor neurons


















A















Ventral horn motor neurons


Innervate skeletal muscles

















458










Q













Peripheral Nervous Sys provides what?


















A













Provides links from and to world outside body















459










Q













What sys is All neural structures outside brain and spinal column?


















A













PNS















460










Q













What does PNS All neural structures outside brain and spinal column include?


















A













Sensory receptors
Peripheral nerves and associated ganglia
Efferent motor endings















461










Q













What are Specialized to respond to changes in environment (stimuli)?


















A













Sensory Receptors















462










Q













Activation of what results in graded potentials that trigger nerve impulses?


















A













Sensory Receptors















463










Q













Sensation (awareness of stimulus) and perception (interpretation of meaning of stimulus) occur in brain is what neural structure?


















A













Sensory Receptors















464










Q













Mechanoreceptors—


















A













respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch (tissue deformation)















465










Q













Thermoreceptors—


















A













sensitive to changes in temperature















466










Q













Photoreceptors—


















A













respond to light energy (e.g., retina)















467










Q













Chemoreceptors—


















A













respond to chemicals (e.g., smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry)















468










Q













Nociceptors—


















A













sensitive to pain-causing stimuli (e.g. extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, inflammatory chemicals)















469










Q













What are 5 sensory receptors by stimulus type?


















A













Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Nociceptors















470










Q













Exteroceptors


















A















Receptors in skin for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature


Most special sense organs

















471










Q













Interoceptors (visceroceptors)


















A













Sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretch, and temperature changes
Sometimes cause discomfort, hunger, thirst, but usually unaware of their workings















472










Q













Proprioceptors


















A













Respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles















473










Q













3 Sensory Receptor by location?


















A













Proprioceptors
Interoceptors (visceroceptors)
Exteroceptors






























anatomy and p 2 (3 decks)


























Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.


© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions