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Biology > Variety of life and cellular processes > Flashcards

Variety of life and cellular processes Flashcards

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1
Q

What elements are present in carbohydrates

A

Carbon,hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

Elements found in lipids

A

Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

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3
Q

Elements present in proteins

A

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur

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4
Q

Monomers in carbohydrates

A

Glucose

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5
Q

Monomers present in lipids

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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6
Q

Monomers present in proteins

A

Amino acids

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7
Q

Polymers in carbohydrates

A

Starch, glycogen,cellulose

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8
Q

Polymers in lipids

A

diglycerides

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9
Q

Polymers in proteins

A

polypeptides

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10
Q

Why are carbohydrates needed

A

Energy

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11
Q

Why are lipids needed

A

Insulation,waterproofing and energy

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12
Q

What are proteins needed for

A

Growth and repair

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13
Q

Food test for sugars

A

Benedict’s test (blue to brick red)

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14
Q

Food test for starch

A

Iodine test ( orange to dark red/black)

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15
Q

Food test for lipids

A

Emulsion test (clear to cloudy)

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16
Q

Food test for proteins

A

Bierupt test (blue to purple)

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17
Q

Does bacteria have a membrane bound nucleus

A

No, DNA loops

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18
Q

Do protoctists have a membrane bound nucleus

A

Yes

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19
Q

Do fungi have a membrane bound nucleus

A

Yes

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20
Q

Do plants have a membrane bound nucleus

A

Yes

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21
Q

Do animal cells have a membrane bound nucleus

A

Yes

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22
Q

Do viruses have a membrane bound nucleus

A

No

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23
Q

Do bacteria contain mitochondria?

A

No

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24
Q

Do protactists contain mitochondria?

A

Yes

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25
Q

Do fungi contain mitochondria?

A

Yes

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26
Q

Do plant cells contain mitochondria?

A

Yes

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27
Q

Do animal cells contain mitochondria?

A

Yes

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28
Q

Do viruses contain mitochondria?

A

No

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29
Q

Do bacteria have circular of linear DNA?

A

Circular

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30
Q

Do protactists have circular of linear DNA?

A

Linear

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31
Q

Do fungi have circular of linear DNA?

A

Linear

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32
Q

Do plant cells have circular of linear DNA?

A

Linear

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33
Q

Do animal cells have circular of linear DNA?

A

Linear

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34
Q

Do viruses have circular of linear DNA?

A

Linear DNA or RNA

35
Q

Does bacteria have a cell wall?

A

Yes

36
Q

Do protactists have a cell wall?

A

Yes

37
Q

Does fungi have a cell wall? What is it made of?

A

Yes, chitin

38
Q

Do plant cells have a cell wall? What is it made of?

A

Yes, cellulose

39
Q

Do animal cells have a cell wall?

A

No

40
Q

Do viruses have a cell wall?

A

No

41
Q

Is bacteria single-called or multicellular?

A

Single-celled

42
Q

Are protactists single-called or multicellular cells?

A

Single-celled

43
Q

Is fungi single-celled or multicellular cells?

A

Multicellular except yeast

44
Q

Is plant cells single-celled or multicellular cells?

A

Multicellular

45
Q

Are animal cells single-celled or multicellular cells?

A

Multicellular

46
Q

Are viruses single-celled or multicellular cells?

A

Single-celled

47
Q

How do bacteria store carbohydrates?

A

They don’t

48
Q

How do protactists store carbohydrates?

A

they dont

49
Q

How do fungi store carbohydrates?

A

Glycogen

50
Q

How do plants store carbohydrates?

A

Starch

51
Q

How do animals store carbohydrates?

A

Glycogen

52
Q

How do bacteria store carbohydrates?

A

They don’t

53
Q

what are the life processes?

A

Movement, Respiration,sensitivity,growth,reproduction,exrection, nutrition, control

54
Q

what is movement and list an example

A

Change in location of part or a whole organism (plants growing towards light, humans walking)

55
Q

what is respiration? give an example

A

A reaction between glucose and oxygen to produce energy (every cell, mitochondria)

56
Q

What is sensitivity? Give an example

A

detection of changes in the environment e.g. light, heat or chemicals (shivering when cold, plants going the Sun)

57
Q

What is growth? Give an example

A

an increase in the size, mass and complexity of an organism (children in height, cells divide)

58
Q

What is reproduction? Give an example

A

more of the same species are made. Creation of an offspring. (A bacterium splitting, a male and female human making a baby)

59
Q

What is excretion? Give an example

A

Removal of waste products (urea, faeces, carbon dioxide, oxygen)

60
Q

What is nutrition? give an example

A

Acquiring materials to provide energy and nutrients (food)

61
Q

What is control? give an example

A

The maintenance of internal conditions (body temperature, glucose levels)

62
Q

What is the function of the cell wall

A

it encases the cell and provide structure and protection (plants cells only )

63
Q

What is the function of a cell membrane

A

Allows only certain substances to go in or out of the cell

64
Q

What is the function of a nucleus

A

Contains genetic information and codes for proteins

65
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm

A

The site of all chemical reactions in a cell

66
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts

A

to assist the cell in photosynthesis and making its own food (plant cells only)

67
Q

what is the function of a Vacuole

A

Stores water and cell sap (plant cells only)

68
Q

What is the function of mitochondria

A

Undergoes respiration to release energy

69
Q

What is the function of ribosomes

A

To perform photosynthesis

70
Q

What happens to the rate of reaction if the enzyme goes past the optimum temperature

A

The rate of a reaction decreases rapidly as the enzyme denatures and the active site changes

71
Q

What are enzymes

A

enzymes are biological catalysts speed up a reaction without being used up

72
Q

What is it called when the enzyme and substrate contact

A

They form an enzyme substrate complex

73
Q

Explain how enzymes break down substrates

A

The substrate needs to go to enzyme and fit into the active site then form a enzyme-substrate complex before the enzyme splits up the substrate and then forming products .the active site remains intact the enzyme can be reused again

74
Q

how does temperature affect enzyme, mention the optimum temperature

A

the hotter the environment the enzymes work in, the faster the enzymes work. when enzymes reach the optimum temperature they work the fastest however, past the optimum temperature denatures the enzyme meaning the active site changes so the substrate can no longer fit in the enzyme and the enzyme is now useless

75
Q

What is diffusion

A

The movement of a substance of a high concentration to a low concentration going down a concentration gradient, will happen over any membrane (spring air freshener mee Oxygen moving from lungs to the bloodstream)

76
Q

name four factors that affect diffusion 

A
  1. type of substance (diffusion happens quickest in gasses because gas particles move around the most and spreads out the particles quickly. Diffusion does not colour in solids as there is no movement of particles only vibrations)
  2. temperature (the hotter the liquid or gas the faster diffusion happens because particles have more energy and therefore move faster at higher temperatures
  3. concentration gradient(The greater the difference in concentration, the quicker the rate of diffusion)
  4. The surface area of the cell membrane separating the different regions
77
Q

Describe the process of osmosis

A

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a high water potential to a low water potential across a partially permable membrane (salt on slugs, plants absorb water from the soil)

78
Q

What affects osmosis (name 2)

A
  1. Difference in concentration gradient (the larger the difference in concentration gradient the quicker diffusion occurs)
  2. the area of the membrane which diffusion occurs over (the larger the surface area of the quicker diffusion occurs)
79
Q

What is a plasmolysed cell

A

So where the cytoplasm is pulled away from the cell wall (they are less rigid, they have a smaller vacuole)

80
Q

What is active transport

A

The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration over a membrane using energy from respiration (nutrients moving from soil to the roots of a plant)

81
Q

What affects active transport

A

1.how much respiration occurs in a cell (the more respiration that occurs in the cell the quicker active transport occurs because active 2.transport requires energy from respiration) temperature (the hotter the molecule, the password for transport occurs. This is because the molecules have more energy and therefore move faster at higher temperatures)

82
Q

What is aerobic respiration

A

Respiration which requires oxygen

83
Q

What is anaerobic respiration

A

Respiration that does not require oxygen

84
Q

What is Respiration

A

The chemical process that takes energy from glucose by breaking it down to release ATP

Biology (6 decks)

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