Variety of life and cellular processes Flashcards
What elements are present in carbohydrates
Carbon,hydrogen and oxygen
Elements found in lipids
Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
Elements present in proteins
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur
Monomers in carbohydrates
Glucose
Monomers present in lipids
Glycerol and fatty acids
Monomers present in proteins
Amino acids
Polymers in carbohydrates
Starch, glycogen,cellulose
Polymers in lipids
diglycerides
Polymers in proteins
polypeptides
Why are carbohydrates needed
Energy
Why are lipids needed
Insulation,waterproofing and energy
What are proteins needed for
Growth and repair
Food test for sugars
Benedict’s test (blue to brick red)
Food test for starch
Iodine test ( orange to dark red/black)
Food test for lipids
Emulsion test (clear to cloudy)
Food test for proteins
Bierupt test (blue to purple)
Does bacteria have a membrane bound nucleus
No, DNA loops
Do protoctists have a membrane bound nucleus
Yes
Do fungi have a membrane bound nucleus
Yes
Do plants have a membrane bound nucleus
Yes
Do animal cells have a membrane bound nucleus
Yes
Do viruses have a membrane bound nucleus
No
Do bacteria contain mitochondria?
No
Do protactists contain mitochondria?
Yes
Do fungi contain mitochondria?
Yes
Do plant cells contain mitochondria?
Yes
Do animal cells contain mitochondria?
Yes
Do viruses contain mitochondria?
No
Do bacteria have circular of linear DNA?
Circular
Do protactists have circular of linear DNA?
Linear
Do fungi have circular of linear DNA?
Linear
Do plant cells have circular of linear DNA?
Linear
Do animal cells have circular of linear DNA?
Linear
Do viruses have circular of linear DNA?
Linear DNA or RNA
Does bacteria have a cell wall?
Yes
Do protactists have a cell wall?
Yes
Does fungi have a cell wall? What is it made of?
Yes, chitin
Do plant cells have a cell wall? What is it made of?
Yes, cellulose
Do animal cells have a cell wall?
No
Do viruses have a cell wall?
No
Is bacteria single-called or multicellular?
Single-celled
Are protactists single-called or multicellular cells?
Single-celled
Is fungi single-celled or multicellular cells?
Multicellular except yeast
Is plant cells single-celled or multicellular cells?
Multicellular
Are animal cells single-celled or multicellular cells?
Multicellular
Are viruses single-celled or multicellular cells?
Single-celled
How do bacteria store carbohydrates?
They don’t
How do protactists store carbohydrates?
they dont
How do fungi store carbohydrates?
Glycogen
How do plants store carbohydrates?
Starch
How do animals store carbohydrates?
Glycogen
How do bacteria store carbohydrates?
They don’t
what are the life processes?
Movement, Respiration,sensitivity,growth,reproduction,exrection, nutrition, control
what is movement and list an example
Change in location of part or a whole organism (plants growing towards light, humans walking)
what is respiration? give an example
A reaction between glucose and oxygen to produce energy (every cell, mitochondria)
What is sensitivity? Give an example
detection of changes in the environment e.g. light, heat or chemicals (shivering when cold, plants going the Sun)
What is growth? Give an example
an increase in the size, mass and complexity of an organism (children in height, cells divide)
What is reproduction? Give an example
more of the same species are made. Creation of an offspring. (A bacterium splitting, a male and female human making a baby)
What is excretion? Give an example
Removal of waste products (urea, faeces, carbon dioxide, oxygen)
What is nutrition? give an example
Acquiring materials to provide energy and nutrients (food)
What is control? give an example
The maintenance of internal conditions (body temperature, glucose levels)
What is the function of the cell wall
it encases the cell and provide structure and protection (plants cells only )
What is the function of a cell membrane
Allows only certain substances to go in or out of the cell
What is the function of a nucleus
Contains genetic information and codes for proteins
What is the function of cytoplasm
The site of all chemical reactions in a cell
What is the function of chloroplasts
to assist the cell in photosynthesis and making its own food (plant cells only)
what is the function of a Vacuole
Stores water and cell sap (plant cells only)
What is the function of mitochondria
Undergoes respiration to release energy
What is the function of ribosomes
To perform photosynthesis
What happens to the rate of reaction if the enzyme goes past the optimum temperature
The rate of a reaction decreases rapidly as the enzyme denatures and the active site changes
What are enzymes
enzymes are biological catalysts speed up a reaction without being used up
What is it called when the enzyme and substrate contact
They form an enzyme substrate complex
Explain how enzymes break down substrates
The substrate needs to go to enzyme and fit into the active site then form a enzyme-substrate complex before the enzyme splits up the substrate and then forming products .the active site remains intact the enzyme can be reused again
how does temperature affect enzyme, mention the optimum temperature
the hotter the environment the enzymes work in, the faster the enzymes work. when enzymes reach the optimum temperature they work the fastest however, past the optimum temperature denatures the enzyme meaning the active site changes so the substrate can no longer fit in the enzyme and the enzyme is now useless
What is diffusion
The movement of a substance of a high concentration to a low concentration going down a concentration gradient, will happen over any membrane (spring air freshener mee Oxygen moving from lungs to the bloodstream)
name four factors that affect diffusion 
- type of substance (diffusion happens quickest in gasses because gas particles move around the most and spreads out the particles quickly. Diffusion does not colour in solids as there is no movement of particles only vibrations)
- temperature (the hotter the liquid or gas the faster diffusion happens because particles have more energy and therefore move faster at higher temperatures
- concentration gradient(The greater the difference in concentration, the quicker the rate of diffusion)
- The surface area of the cell membrane separating the different regions
Describe the process of osmosis
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a high water potential to a low water potential across a partially permable membrane (salt on slugs, plants absorb water from the soil)
What affects osmosis (name 2)
- Difference in concentration gradient (the larger the difference in concentration gradient the quicker diffusion occurs)
- the area of the membrane which diffusion occurs over (the larger the surface area of the quicker diffusion occurs)
What is a plasmolysed cell
So where the cytoplasm is pulled away from the cell wall (they are less rigid, they have a smaller vacuole)
What is active transport
The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration over a membrane using energy from respiration (nutrients moving from soil to the roots of a plant)
What affects active transport
1.how much respiration occurs in a cell (the more respiration that occurs in the cell the quicker active transport occurs because active 2.transport requires energy from respiration) temperature (the hotter the molecule, the password for transport occurs. This is because the molecules have more energy and therefore move faster at higher temperatures)
What is aerobic respiration
Respiration which requires oxygen
What is anaerobic respiration
Respiration that does not require oxygen
What is Respiration
The chemical process that takes energy from glucose by breaking it down to release ATP
