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Edexcel IGCSE Biology > Variety and Characteristics of Living Organisms > Flashcards

Variety and Characteristics of Living Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the characteristics all living organisms share?

A
  • Movement
  • Respiration
  • Sensitivity (To surroundings)
  • Control
  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Excretion
  • Nutrition
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2
Q

Which kingdoms are eukaryotic?

A
  • Plants
  • Animals
  • Fungi
  • Protoctists
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3
Q

What are the key features of a eukaryotic organism?

A
  • Multicellular or unicellular
  • A nucleus
  • A distinct cell membrane

They do share specific cell strucures as covered in the next deck

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4
Q

Are plants multicellular or unicellular?

A

Multicellular

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5
Q

What is the organelle that plants contain which is necessary for photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplasts

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6
Q

How do plants create their food?

A

Photosynthesis

Plants are autotrophs

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7
Q

What are plant cell walls made out of?

A

Cellulose

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8
Q

What do plants store carbohydrates as?

A

Starch

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9
Q

What are some examples of plants?

A
  • Flowering plants such as cereals (e.g. maize)
  • Herbaceous legumes (also flowering) such as peas or beans
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10
Q

Are animals multicellular or unicellular?

A

Multicellular

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11
Q

Do animal cells contain chloroplasts?

A

No

As they do not photosynthesise

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12
Q

Do animal cells contain cell walls?

A

No

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13
Q

How do you describe animals ability to move?

A

Nervous co-ordination and the ability to move from place to place

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14
Q

What do animals store carbohydrates as?

A

Glycogen

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15
Q

Can fungi photosynthesise?

A

No, they use saprotrophic nutrition

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16
Q

Are fungi unicellular and/or multicellular?

A
  • Both
  • Unicellular fungi include yeast
  • Multicellular fungi include mushrooms and mucor
17
Q

How are fungi’s bodies organised?

A
  • Into thread like structures called hyphae - the cells of which contian many nuclei
  • The many hyphae are collectively referred to as mycelium

This obviously only applies to multicellular fungi

18
Q

What are fungi cell walls made out of?

A

Chitin

19
Q

How do fungi obtain nutrients?

A
  • Saprotrophically
  • They secrete extracellular digestive enzymes onto food material and and absorb the digested molecules
  • They mostly feed off decaying matter, although parasitic fungi feed off of living matter
20
Q

How do fungi store their carbohydrates?

A

They store them as glycogen

21
Q

Are protoctists unicellular or multicellular?

A

Unicellular

Protoctists are microscopic

22
Q

How does nutrition work for protoctists?

A
  • Some photosynthesise
  • Some feed off organic living matter or dead matter (heterotrophy and saprotrophy)
23
Q

Examples of protoctists

A
  • Chlorella - Is more like a plant cell, has chloroplasts, a cell wall and photosynthesises
  • Amoeba - Lives in pond water, has features more like an animal cell
  • Plasmodium - Pathogenic and causes malaria
24
Q

Which kingdom is prokaryotic?

A

Bacteria

25
Q

What are the key features of prokaryotic organisms?

A
  • Unicellular
  • No nucleus - the genetic material is found in the cytoplasm
  • Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells
26
Q

Are bacteria multicelluar or unicellular?

A

Unicellular

(Bacteria are microscopic)

27
Q

Do bacteria have cell walls?

A

Yes - made of peptidoglycan

28
Q

How do bacteria store their DNA?

A
  • A circular chromosone of DNA in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid
  • Plasmids - Small circular loops of DNA that contain genes (independent of the chromosomal DNA) found in the cytoplasm as well
29
Q

How does nutrition work for bacteria?

A
  • Most feed off other living or dead organisms (heterotrophs and saprotrophs)
  • Some have chlorophyll (though not chloroplasts) and photosynthesise
30
Q

Examples of bacteria?

A
  • Lactobacillus bulgaricus - Used in the production of yoghurt
  • Pneumoccus - A pathogen which causes pneunomia
31
Q

What is the definiton of a pathogen?

A

Any microorganism that causes disease in another organism

32
Q

Which kinds of microorganisms can be pathogens?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Protoctists
33
Q

Are viruses alive?

A

No, as they do not fit into MRS GREN

34
Q

How big are viruses?

A

Extremely small, smaller than bacteria

35
Q

What do viruses need to reproduce?

A

They must be inside the cells of other living organisms

36
Q

Which organisms can viruses infect?

A

All types of organisms

37
Q

What does the structure of a virus look like?

A
  • No cellular structure
  • Just a protein coat surrounding some type of nucleic acid (RNA/DNA) acting as their genetic material
38
Q

Examples of viruses?

A
  • Tobacco mosaic virus - discolours leaves of tobacco plants by preventing formation of chloroplasts
  • Influenza - causes the flu
  • HIV - causes aids

Edexcel IGCSE Biology (25 decks)

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