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Edexcel IGCSE Biology > Reproduction (Humans) > Flashcards

Reproduction (Humans) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the prostate gland and its function?

A
  • It is the circular gland under the bladder, attached to the sperm ducts
  • It produces a fluid called semen providing sperm cells with nutrients

They perform this function alongside the seminal vesicles

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2
Q

What are the seminal vesicles and their function?

A
  • They are the two small circular glands attached to the sperm ducts
  • They produce a fluid called semen providing sperm cells with nutrients

They perform this function alongside the prostate gland

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3
Q

What is the function of the sperm duct?

A

It is for sperm to pass through from the testes and mix with the fluids produced by the glands before passing into the urethra

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4
Q

In men, what is the urethra and its function?

A
  • It runs down the centre of the penis, and is connected to the bladder and the sperm duct
  • It carrys and releases either semen or urine
  • A ring of muscle in the urethra prevents the two from mixing
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5
Q

What are the functions of the testes?

A
  • Produces sperm (the male gametes)
  • Produces testosterone
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6
Q

What is the function of the scrotum

A

The sac supports the testes, keeping them outside the body as sperm production prefers a temperature of roughly 34 not 37

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7
Q

What are the functions of the penis?

A
  • To pass urine out of the body
  • To allow semen to be released inside of a womens vagina
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8
Q

What is the oviduct and its function?

A
  • It is a tube connecting each ovary to the uterus
  • It is lined with ciliated cells to push the ovum down
  • Fertilisation occurs in the oviduct
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9
Q

What are the functions of the ovaries?

There are two ovaries

A
  • They produce and contain ova
  • They mature and release eggs when hormones are released

Ova is plural of ovum (the female gamete)

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10
Q

In women, what is the urethra and its function?

A

It connects the bladder and the hole, allowing urine to be released

The hole where urine comes out is seperate from the vagina

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11
Q

What is the uterus and its function?

A

It is a muscular bag, where the zygote (fertilised egg) implants itself to develop into a foetus

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12
Q

What is the cervix and its function?

A
  • It is a ring of muscle at the lower end of the uterus, in between the vagina and the uterus
  • It keeps the foetus in place during pregnancy
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13
Q

What is the vagina and its function?

A
  • It is a muscular tube with an opening which leads to the uterus
  • It is where the penis enters during sexual intercourse and deposits sperm
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14
Q

How long is the average menstrual cycle?

A

28 days

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15
Q

What happens on the first 5-7 days on the menstrual cycle if fertilisation of the oviduct did not happen?

A

Menstruation occurs, where the lining of the uterus is broken down in preperation for the next cycle which lasts 5-7 days

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16
Q

What happens between day 7 and day 14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The uterine lining begins to thicken and is built up in preparation for possible zygote implantation

17
Q

What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovulation occurs

Ovulation is the release of the egg

18
Q

What happens from day 14 to day 28?

A

The lining continues to build up and is maintained

If implantation occurs, the lining will stay, if not the cycle starts over again at day 28 with menstruation

19
Q

How do oestrogen levels change during the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Levels rise from day one (stimulated by FSH), and peak shortly before day 14 to stimulate LH (ovulation)
  • They drop after ovulation, rise slightly to maintain the lining and then drop for menstruation
20
Q

How do progestrone levels change during the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Levels stay low from day 1-14
  • They rise signifigantly once ovulation has occured, stimulated by LH, to maintain and thicken the lining, and then drop, causing menstruation
21
Q

How do LH levels change during the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Levels are low from day 1-12
  • They rise at day 13, stimulated by oestrogen, and peak at day 14 for ovulation
  • They then drop, and are low for the rest of the cycle as progestrone inhibits it
22
Q

How do FSH levels change during the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Levels are high between day 1-12 to mature the egg and stimulate oestrogen production
  • Levels drop shortly before ovulation as oestrogen peaks
  • They are low for the rest of the cycle as progestrone + oestrogen inhibit it to ensure only one egg is fully matured
23
Q

What are the roles of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Stimulates the uterus to begin to build up a lining
  • Stimulates the production of LH at its peak
  • Inhibits FSH production to stop the maturation of another follicle

Oestrogen is produced in the ovaries

24
Q

What are the roles of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Maintains the lining of the uterus
  • Inhibits the production of LH and FSH to stop the maturation and release of another egg past day 14

Progesterone is produced by the corpus leutem, which is a dead follice left behind after ovulation

25
Q

What are the roles of FSH in the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Causes an egg to mature inside a follicle in the ovaries
  • Stimulates oestrogen production in the follice

FSH is produced in the pituitary glands

26
Q

What are the roles of LH in the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Causes ovulation to occur
  • Stimulates progestrone production by causing the formation of a corpus leutum

LH is produced in the pituitary glands

27
Q

What is the placenta?

A
  • The placenta is an organ in the uterus which forms after implantation
  • It connects the mothers blood to the umbilical chord which is connected to the foetuses blood
28
Q

What are the roles of the placenta?

A
  • It transmits nutrients and other important substances like oxygen and vitamins to the foetus by diffusion or active transport
  • It absorbs waste products like urea and carbon dioxide by diffusion or active transport
  • It acts as a barrier for toxins and pathogens, although it does not stop everything from getting through
29
Q

What is the amniotic fluid and its role?

A
  • It is a fluid in the uterus made from the mothers blood plasma held in by the amniotic sac
  • It protects the fetus by cushioning it from bumps to the mothers abdomen
30
Q

Which hormones control secondary sexual characteristics for each sex (changes which occur during puberty)?

Primary sexual characteristics are characteristics that are present at birth, like reproductive organs

A
  • Testosterone for males
  • Oestrogen for females
31
Q

What are the secondary sexual characteristic changes for females which develop during puberty?

A
  • Breasts develop
  • Body hair grows
  • Menstrual cycle begins
  • Hips get wider
32
Q

What are the secondary sexual characteristic changes for males which develop during puberty?

A
  • Growth of penis and testes
  • Growth of facial and body hair
  • Muscles develop
  • Voice breaks
  • Testes start to produce sperm

Edexcel IGCSE Biology (25 decks)

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