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Psychology 289 > Variations in Consciousness > Flashcards

Variations in Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

Alcohol

A
  • Drinks containing ethyl alcohol
  • Most widely abused drug with the most recorded accidents and fatalities
  • Creates sense of euphoria and temporary boost in self-esteem, decreased inhibitions
  • Severe mental and motor impairments, mood swings
  • Binge drinking
  • Moderate risk of dependence
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2
Q

Amphetamines

A
  • Stimulant
  • Increases CNS and behavioural activity
  • Creates sense of euphoria, increased alertness, elated, energetic mood
  • Side effects vary with potency and dosage (restlessness, anxiety, paranoia, insomnia are normal)
  • Works on two monoamine neurotransmitters: norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA)
  • Increases release
  • Influences NE and DA reuptake
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3
Q

Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)

A
  • Influences sleep and awareness (physiological arousal)

- Consists of afferent fibres that run through the reticular formation (structure key to sleep and wakefulness)

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4
Q

Barbiturates

A
  • Sedative
  • ie. Seconal
  • Withdrawal can produce fever, chills, tremors, convulsions, vomiting etc.
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5
Q

Biological Rhythms

A
  • Fluctuation patterns in physiology
  • Contributes to patterns of sleep and wakefulness
  • ”Biological Clock”
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6
Q

Cannabis

A
  • Hemp plant that THC, marijuana and hashish are derived from
  • Smoke or eat it
  • Increases sensory awareness and creates sense of euphoria
  • Anxiety, sluggishness and impaired memory
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7
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A
  • 24 hour biological cycle
  • Responsible for sleep cycles, hormone fluctuations, urine production etc.
  • Influences body temperature (dropping body temperature = sleep, rising = waking)
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8
Q

Cocaine

A
  • Stimulant
  • Snorting, “freebasing”
  • Works on Norepinephrine (NE) and Dopamine (DA)
  • Blocks NE, DA and serotonin reuptake at synapses
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9
Q

Consciousness

A
  • Awareness of both internal and external stimuli

- Influenced by biological rhythms

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10
Q

Day Residue

A
  • Sigmund Freud

- Unresolved thoughts or conflicts throughout the day will seep into dreams as ‘day residue’

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11
Q

Dissociation

A
  • Ability to separate perception, memory and identity from stream of consciousness
  • Hypnosis may create dissociation in the conscious
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12
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A
  • Monitors electrical activity in the brain using electrodes
  • Brainwaves vary in amplitude (height) and frequency (cycles per second / cps)
  • Four principle bands:

–Beta
=13-24 cps
=used in problem solving

–Alpha
=8-12 cps
=used in meditation, relaxation

–Theta
=4-7 cps
=used in light sleep

–Delta
=>4 cps
=used in deep sleep

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13
Q

Electromyograph (EMG)

A
  • Records muscular activity

- Used to record and study sleep

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14
Q

Electrooculograph (EOG)

A
  • Records eye movement

- Used to record and study sleep

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15
Q

Hallucinogens

A
  • LSD, psilocybin, DMT etc.
  • Alters sensory perceptions
  • Creates euphoria, dream-like states, increases sensory awareness
  • Anxiety, disorganized thought and impaired judgement
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16
Q

Hypnic Jerk

A
  • Muscular contractions that occur as people fall asleep

- Occurs in stage 1 of sleep

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17
Q

Hypnosis

A
  • Used for psychological and physiological treatments, as well as entertainment
  • Procedure that creates an increased state of suggestibility
  • Responsiveness to hypnosis is a measurable trait
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18
Q

Insomnia

A
  • Consistent, inadequate sleep
  • Trouble falling and staying asleep, as well as early wakening
  • Most common sleep disorder
  • Hyperarousal Model of Insomnia: insomniacs exhibit increased physiological arousal
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19
Q

Latent Content

A
  • Sigmund Freud

- Hidden meaning behind a dream

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20
Q

LSD

A
  • Hallucinogen
  • “Acid”
  • Taken orally
  • Controversial studies, banned in America in 1966
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21
Q

Lucid Dreams

A
  • Realization that one is dreaming, seen with an increase in control over the dream
  • Has potential for therapeutic purposes
22
Q

Manifest Content

A
  • Sigmund Freud

- Literal meaning of the dream

23
Q

MDMA

A
  • Own class of drug related to amphetamines and hallucinogens
  • Causes subtle, long term effects in mental functioning
  • Creates euphoric, energetic, friendly mood
  • Effects can spill over to the next day as depression
  • Overheating, increase in blood pressure, anxiety, restlessness etc.
24
Q

Meditation

A

-Procedures that increase attention and focus awareness

  • Focused Attention Meditation: brings attention to specific object, feeling etc.
    • ie. TM
  • Open Monitoring Meditation: allows one to become an observer of ones actions, feelings, thoughts etc. in a nonjudgmental way
    • ie. Mindfulness meditation
25
Q

Melatonin

A

-Hormone that is released upon exposure to light that resets the circadian rhythm

26
Q

Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway

A
  • Believed to be how most drugs exert their effects
  • “Reward pathway”
  • Large, rapid releases of dopamine reinforce the effects of drugs
27
Q

Mind Wandering

A

-Thoughts that come and go from the brain that are unrelated to the task at hand

28
Q

Monoamines

A

-Norepinephrine and dopamine

29
Q

Narcolepsy

A
  • Sleep disorder

- One switches directly from wakefulness to REM sleep for about 15 minutes without warning

30
Q

Narcotics

A
  • Painkilling drugs derived from opium
  • High risk of overdose
  • Creates euphoria
  • Nausea, lethargy, impaired mental and motor functioning
31
Q

Neurogenesis

A
  • Creation of new brain cells

- Enhances learning and memory consolidation

32
Q

Night Terrors

A
  • Sleep disorder
  • Sudden waking from sleep with a shriek and an upright bolt
  • Sufferer will not remember a dream, but a negative feeling
  • Easy to fall back asleep
33
Q

Nightmares

A
  • Sleep disorder
  • Normally seen in children
  • Nightmares have similar themes in many people
  • Anxiety-inducing and hard to fall back asleep afterwords
34
Q

Non-REM Sleep

A

-4 stages:

–Stage 1: Theta waves, light sleep, hypnic jerks

–Stage 2: Sleep spindles

–Slow-Wave Sleep: Stage 3 and 4, delta waves

35
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)

A
  • Monoamine neurotransmitter

- Affected by stimulants

36
Q

Opiates

A

-Narcotics

37
Q

Psuedoinsomnia

A
  • Feeling that one is getting inadequate sleep

- EEG scans show that sleep patterns are normal and fine

38
Q

Physical Dependence

A
  • Physical withdrawal symptoms must be avoided by taking the drug
  • Withdrawal symptoms vary with the type of drug
39
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

-Drugs that alter mental, emotional or behavioural functioning

40
Q

Psychological Dependence

A

-Drugs must be taken to satisfy intense emotional and mental cravings

41
Q

Rebound Insomnia

A

-Worsening of insomnia upon ending drug treatment

42
Q

REM Sleep

A
  • Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
  • Important for memory consolidation
  • Most vivid dreams occur in this stage
43
Q

Sedatives

A
  • Sleeping pills, barbiturates
  • High risk for addiction, abuse and overdose
  • Benzos: developed to reduce anxiety
  • Non-Benzos: developed to reduce sleep problems
  • Useful in the short term
44
Q

Sleep Apnea

A
  • Sleep disorder

- Breathing stops consistently throughout the night, interrupting sleep

45
Q

Sleep Spindles

A
  • Bursts of high frequency brain waves

- Occurs in stage 2 of sleep

46
Q

Slow-Wave Sleep (SWS)

A
  • Takes up stages 3 and 4 of sleep
  • Delta waves
  • Takes about 30m to reach SWS, SWS then occurs for about another 30m before the cycle reverses
47
Q

Somnambulism

A
  • Sleep walking

- Genetic Predisposition

48
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A
  • Located in the hypothalamus
  • Triggered by light responses in the retina
  • Sends signals to the pineal gland to release melatonin
49
Q

Synergy

A
  • Interaction of two or more substances to produce greater effects
  • ie. Alcohol and marijuana increase impairment of motor and mental functioning
50
Q

Tolerance

A
  • How accustomed one has become to the effects of a drug
  • Over time, higher and higher doses are needed to produce the same effect
  • Risk of overdose increases with tolerance, as changes in drug administration patterns occur, playing with the gained tolerance
51
Q

Ultraradian Rhythm

A
  • Cycle that is repeated multiple times a day

- Longer than an hour, shorter than 24 hours

Psychology 289 (6 decks)

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