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Psychology 289 > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

A-Delta Fibres

A
  • Thick, myelinated axons that are used in the fast pathway for pain perception.
  • These axons are responsible for sharp, instant pain, such as that when you first scrape your knee
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2
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

The smallest strength needed to detect a stimuli 50% of the time

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3
Q

Accommodation

A

Curvature of the lens adjusts to change your focus

ie. the lens changes to make it easier to focus on near or far objects

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4
Q

Additive Colour Mixing

A

Adding wavelengths of light to a mixture to produce colour

ie. Shining 3 different coloured spotlights onto a blank background

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5
Q

Afterimage

A

The image that persists after there is no more stimuli

ie. looking at a bright light and then seeing the splotchy after effects on the wall

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6
Q

Auditory Localization

A

The act of locating a sound in space

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7
Q

Basilar Membrane

A
  • Found in the inner ear

- Houses hair-like structures (cochlea) that are sensitive to vibrations in the inner ear fluid

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8
Q

Binocular Depth Cues

A
  • Clues about depth that are perceived with both eyes

- Uses retinal disparity and convergence

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9
Q

Blind Spot

A

An area in your visual field you cannot detect due to a hole in the retina called the “Optic Disk”

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10
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A
  • Interpreting visual stimuli beginning with lines, making them into shapes and then into meaningful objects
  • This may be the type of processing used when looking at impossible figures, which is why they seem fine at first glance but become baffling later on
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11
Q

C Fibres

A
  • Thin, unmyelinated axons used in the slow pathway in the regulation of pain
  • Responsible for long-lasting pain such as aches and burns
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12
Q

Cochlea

A

Hair-like structures in the inner ear that send auditory stimuli to the brain

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13
Q

Colour Blindness

A
  • Inability to differentiate certain colours
  • More common in males
  • Most colour blind people are dichromats
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14
Q

Comparitors

A

People, objects, events or other standards used to make judgments or comparisons

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15
Q

Complementary Colours

A
  • Colours that when mixed together, form grey
  • They are found at opposite ends of the colour wheel from each other
    ie. yellow and purple
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16
Q

Complex Cells

A

Respond to stimulus in any position in their receptive fields

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17
Q

Cones

A
  • Specialized visual receptors that are important in daylight vision and colour vision
  • Provide better sharpness and precise detail
  • Found in the centre of the eye
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18
Q

Convergence

A
  • Cue in binocular depth

- Senses the eyes turning toward each other as they look at objects, hinting at their distance away

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19
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent window at the front of the eye where light travels through

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20
Q

Dark Adaption

A

The process of the eye becoming more sensitive to light to accommodate for the dark conditions

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21
Q

Depth Perception

A

The ability to sense where objects are using binocular and monocular clues

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22
Q

Dichromats

A
  • Attributed to colour blindness

- Having only 2 colour channels and being insensitive to either red, green or blue

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23
Q

Distal Stimuli

A

Distant / external visual stimuli that your eye does not “touch”

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24
Q

Door-in-the-Face Technique

A

A manipulation tactic that works by making an offer that is likely to be refused in order to increase the chances of a more reasonable offer (that was wanted in the first place) being accepted.

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25
Q

Farsightedness

A
  • Distant objects appear clear, but objects close appear blurry
  • May come from the eye being too short
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26
Q

Feature Analysis

A

Detecting elements in visual stimuli and creating something meaningful out of them
ie. lines becoming a rectangle which becomes your phone

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27
Q

Feature Detectors

A

Specialized neurons that react to specific features of complex visual stimuli

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28
Q

Fechner’s Law

A

States that the intensity of a sensory experience is determined by the number of JNDs the stimulus is above the absolute threshold

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29
Q

Fovea

A

Tiny spot in the centre of the retina that is densely packed with cones, making it the best for sharp vision

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30
Q

Frequency Theory

A

States that the perception of pitch is determined by the frequency of which the entire basilar membrane vibrates

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31
Q

Gate-Control Theory

A
  • States that pain signals must go through a gate at the spinal cord which can be closed, inhibiting pain signals to get to the brain
  • Created by Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall
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32
Q

Gustatory System

A
  • Sense of taste
  • Gustatory receptors are clusters of cells in our taste buds that absorb the chemical stimuli of taste
  • Stimuli is sent to the thalamus then to the insular cortex
  • Sweet, bitter, salty, sour and umami
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33
Q

Hair Cells

A

Sensory receptors found in the inner ear for both the vestibular and auditory system

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34
Q

Impossible Figures

A

Figures that at first glance seem fine, then upon further inspection are geometrically and physically impossible

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35
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A
  • The phenomenon of not seeing things in plain sight

- Illustrated by that video of a basketball being thrown around and a gorilla walking through the middle of it

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36
Q

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

A
  • The smallest amount of change needed to sense a stimuli
  • Related to absolute threshold
    ie. the absolute threshold is the JND from nothing
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37
Q

Kinesthetic System

A

Allows you to know where your body is positioned in space

38
Q

Lateral Antagonism

A
  • Occurs when neural activity in a cell is inhibited by surrounding cells
  • Allows the retina to see relative amounts of light instead of absolute amounts of light
39
Q

Lens

A

Fexible, translucent area of the eye that refracts light from the world to the retina

40
Q

Light Adaption

A

The eye becoming insensitive to light to accommodate for bright conditions

41
Q

Monocular Depth Cues

A
  • Clues about distance given by either eye alone

- Uses motion parallax and pictorial depth cues

42
Q

Motion Parallax

A
  • Used in Monocular depth cues
  • Objects seem to move at different rates depending on their distance from us
    ie. closer objects seem to move faster than objects in the distance
43
Q

Nearsightedness

A
  • Near objects appear clear, but distant ones appear blurry

- Can be caused by the eye being too long, or light falling short of the retina

44
Q

Olfactory System

A
  • Sense of smell
  • Only sense that does not convert in the thalamus
  • Receptors are olfactory cilia, hairlike structures in the upper nasal pathway that send information to the brain
  • Cells are highly specialized and can only react to a number of odours
45
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A
  • Relies on receptors making antagonistic responses to three pairs of colours
  • green vs red, yellow vs blue, black vs white
46
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

The point where optic nerves cross over and send signals to the opposite side of the brain

47
Q

Optic Disk

A

Hole in the retina where optic nerve fibres exit the eye, causing a blind spot

48
Q

Optical Illusion

A

Perceived reality is different from true reality

ie. Ponzos illusions, the Ames room and the Muller-Lyer effect

49
Q

Parallel Processing

A
  • Simultaneously taking different kinds of information from the same input
  • The main visual pathway is divided to do this
  • Magnocellular and parvocellular channels
50
Q

Magnocellular Channel

A

Specialized pathway within the main visual pathway responsible for processing information regarding brightness

51
Q

Parvocellular Channel

A

Specialized pathway within the main visual pathway responsible for perception of colour

52
Q

Perception

A

Organization and interpretation of sensory input

53
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A
  • The tendency that objects keep the same size, shape, texture etc.
  • This is why we can move around a room and still perceive the same things
54
Q

Perceptual Hypothesis

A

A guess as to which distal stimuli is responsible for the proximal stimuli being senses

55
Q

Perceptual Set

A

Being prepared to receive stimulus in a certain way

ie. expecting a needle to hurt might amp up the pain

56
Q

Pheromones

A
  • Hormones released by one organism in a species and can be received by another
  • Species specific
57
Q

Phi Phenomenon

A

An illusion of movement given by flashing pictures rapidly

ie. Felix the cat

58
Q

Pictorial Depth Cues

A
  • One clue used in monocular depth cues
  • Used to give 2D images a 3D appearance
    1. Height in plane
    2. Linear perspective
    3. Texture gradients
    4. Interposition
    5. Relative size
    6. Light and shadow
59
Q

Place Theory

A
  • States the clochea only vibrate in certain areas which is how the brain interpreted frequency
  • Hermann von Helmholtz
60
Q

Prosopagnosia

A
  • Inability to recognize faces, including ones own

- Could be caused by damage to receptors that are sensitive to facial inpur

61
Q

Proximal Stimuli

A
  • The image that falls on the retina

- “internal” stimuli that your eye “touches”

62
Q

Psychophysics

A

Study of how physical stimuli gets translated into a sensory, psychological experience

63
Q

Pupil

A

Opening in the centre of the eye that helps regulate the amount of light coming into the eye

64
Q

Receptive Field of a Visual Cell

A
  • Visual cells own visual field

- It will only respond to stimulus within its receptive field

65
Q

Retina

A

Neural tissue at the back of the eye that absorbs light, processes images and sends visual information to the brain

66
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

Objects project to slightly different parts of each retina, making each eye see a unique image

67
Q

Reversible Figure

A

A figure where the foreground can become the background and vice versa
ie. the picture with the 2 dark faces and the white vase in the middle

68
Q

Rods

A
  • Specialized in night time and pheripheral vision

- Found most densely in the edges of the eyes

69
Q

Saccades

A

Tiny eye movements that give hints about where ones attention is drawn

70
Q

Sensation

A

Stimulation of sense organs

71
Q

Sensory Adaption

A

Senses adapting to new stimuli to keep your body alert for changes in the environment that may lead to danger
ie. “Hey, that doesn’t smell like my regular stinky garbage! That smells like natural gas!”

72
Q

Signal-Detection Theory

A

States that detecting a stimuli involves deciding whether or not to care as well as sensory processes, both of which are influenced by intensity of the stimulus

73
Q

Simple Cells

A

Visual receptors that respond to specific shapes that fall within specific areas of their receptive fields

74
Q

Subjective Contours

A

Perception of contours where none exist

ie. a birds eye view of 3 cakes with a slice cut out might look to form a triangle

75
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

Processing stimuli without conscious awareness

76
Q

Subtractive Colour Mixing

A

Creating colour by taking away certain wavelengths, those left over are the colour you will see
ie. mixing paint

77
Q

Threshold

A

Dividing point between intensity where one can sense a difference in effect

78
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

Progression from the whole object to its separate elements

79
Q

Trichromatic Theory of Colour Vision

A
  • Created by Thomas Young
  • Eye has 3 types of receptors that have different sensitivities to certain wavelengths of light
  • Receptors specialize in red, green or blue
  • Colours mix in the eye to form other colours
80
Q

Vestibular System

A
  • Found in the inner ear, connected to the auditory system
  • Uses same hair cells
  • Focuses on balance by detecting fluid movements in the inner ear
81
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

The inability to recognize objects

82
Q

Weber’s Law

A
  • Created by Ernst Weber
  • States the size of a JND is proportionate to the intensity of a stimulus
    ie. adding 10 pounds into a bag that weighs 5 pounds will feel a lot different than adding 10 pounds to a bag that weighs 50 pounds
83
Q

Mel Goodale

A
  • States vision serves 2 functions:
    1. creates internal model of the external world (vision for perception)
    2. controls actions that are directed at the external world (vision for action)
  • Each vision type has a different neural pathway:
    1. Dorsal stream - vision for perception (what)
    2. Ventral stream - vision for action (where)
84
Q

Linda Bartoshuk

A
  • Did research into supertasters, nontasters and medium tasters
  • nontasters have about 1/4 of the tastebuds supertasters have
  • supertasters have receptors that non tasters don’t, are are therefore much more sensitive to certain foods (sweet and bitter)
85
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz

A
  • Created Place Theory

- Modified the original Trichromatic colour theory

86
Q

Linda Buck and Richard Axel

A
  • Discovered there are over 1000 genes that contribute to our olfactory senses
  • Each has an ability to detect a number of very specific odours
87
Q

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel

A
  • Discovered that certain visual receptors are more sensitive to certain stimuli, hinting at the cells being specialized
  • Identified simple cells and complex cells
88
Q

Max Wertheimer

A
  • Created Phi Phenomenon

- Believed in the Gestalt principles

89
Q

Gustav Fechner

A
  • Created Fechners Law

- Discovered JND

90
Q

Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall

A
  • Created the Gate-Control theory of pain

- Melzack continued his research and created the McGill Pain Questionnaire and has also studied phantom limb

Psychology 289 (6 decks)

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