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Psychology 289 > Research Enterprise in Psychology > Flashcards

Research Enterprise in Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Abstract

A

Brief summary of a journal article.

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2
Q

Anecdotal Evidence

A

Personal stories pertaining to an event. Prone to bias and provides and extremely small sample size.

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3
Q

Between-subject Design

A

An experiment using two or more groups

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4
Q

Case Study

A

In depth research on a certain topic, usually using other studies to provide a gain a more complete understanding.

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5
Q

Correlation

A

Exists when 2 variables relate to each other

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6
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

The strength of a relationship between 2 variables

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7
Q

Data Collection Techniques

A

Methods used to collect and store data used in research

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8
Q

Deception

A

Exists when experimenters lie to or trick participants into a study. This can cause distress and trust issues, but some scientists argue that certain studies could not be done without it.

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9
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The variable that is influenced in the study.

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10
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Used to organize and summarize data

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11
Q

Double-blind Procedure

A

When neither the experimenter nor the participants know who will be in which group.

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12
Q

Evidence-based Decision Making

A

Combines all evidence gathered to make a decision about a subject

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13
Q

Experiment

A

Research method where carefully controlled variables are observed

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14
Q

Experimental Group

A

Group of subjects who are given special treatment

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15
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

An experimenter unintentionally influencing a subject via nonverbal cues or actions

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16
Q

Extraneous Variables

A

Any variable other than the independent or dependent variable that influences the study
eg// personal characteristics

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17
Q

Hypothesis

A

Tentative statement about the relationship between variables

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18
Q

Independent Variable

A

The variable that influences the other variables in a study

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19
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Statistics used to interpret data and draw conclusions

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20
Q

Interaction

A

Influences between variables

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21
Q

Journal

A

Publication of scientific studies focused on certain topics

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22
Q

Mean

A

Average. Most useful and most sensitive score.

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23
Q

Median

A

The exact middle score.

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24
Q

Mode

A

The most frequent score.

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25
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Observations done in a natural environment to reduce outside influence

26
Q

Negative Correlation

A

2 variables that relate in different ways/directions.

eg// when happiness increases, suicide rates decrease

27
Q

Operational Definition

A

Actions/measures taken to control a variable.

28
Q

Participants

A

Subjects of a study

29
Q

Placebo

A

Fake, empty or faulty treatment

30
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Exists when a subject notices change when given fake, empty or faulty treatment.

31
Q

Population

A

The group the sample is taken from

eg// population: north americans, sample: north americans in the study

32
Q

Positive Correlation

A

2 variables that relate to each other in the same way.

eg// when you study more, you do better on exams

33
Q

Random Assignment

A

When subjects are randomly placed into control or experimental groups

34
Q

Random Sampling

A

Picks participants randomly from a population.

35
Q

Replication

A

Rerun of an experiment. Helps to confirm facts and reduce mistakes made.

36
Q

Research Methods

A

Ways of gathering and analyzing data

37
Q

Response Set

A

The tendency to answer all questions in a set in a similar way regardless of if they are related or not

38
Q

Sample

A

The people in a population actually involved in the study

39
Q

Sampling Bias

A

Exists when the sample does not correctly represent the population.
eg// population: north americans sample: white north americans

40
Q

Social Desirability Bias

A

The tendency to answer questions/ act in ways that are socially acceptable

41
Q

Standard Devation

A

The amount a score can vary represented by a numerical value

42
Q

Statistical Significance

A

Exists when the probability of the data occurring by chance is relatively low or non existent.

43
Q

Statistics

A

A collection of numerical data

44
Q

Surveys

A

A data collection technique based on question asking

45
Q

Theory

A

Ideas strung together in a testable way to explain a set of observations

46
Q

Variability

A

Inconsistency between variables

47
Q

Variables

A

Controlled aspects to an experiment

48
Q

Within-subjects Design

A

An experiment with one group that works as its own control.

49
Q

Neal Miller

A

Did work with ethics in psychology

50
Q

Robert Rosenthal

A

Discovered experimenter bias and explained how it could effect study results via nonverbal signals.

51
Q

David Wolfe

A

Studied teens in abusive relationships and saw that previous maltreatment and current abuse positively correlated. This research helped at risk teens.

52
Q

Identify 3 goals of the scientific enterprise

A
  1. Measurement/ description
    - develop techniques to observe behaviour
  2. Understanding/ prediction
    - you can only fully understand events once you know why they happen
  3. Application/ control
    - apply research to practical problems such as those in schools, businesses and hospitals
53
Q

List 5 steps in scientific investigations

A
  1. Formulate a testable hypothesis
  2. Select research method and design the study
  3. Collect the data
  4. Analyze the data and draw conclusions
  5. Report findings
54
Q

List 2 advantages to the scientific approach

A
  1. Precision and clarity

2. Relative intolerance for error

55
Q

Why is is advantageous to sometimes only use one group who works as their own control?

A

Having one group gets rid of any extraneous variables such as personal ability

56
Q

Frequency Distribution

A

Arrangement of scores indicating frequency of a score or group of scores

57
Q

Symmetrical Frequency Distribution

A

Mean, median and mode all match up

58
Q

Negatively Skewed Distribution

A

All scores pile up on the higher end of the scale

59
Q

Positively Skewed Distribution

A

All scores pile up on the lower end of the scale

60
Q

Percentile Score

A

Percent of people who score at or above a certain score

eg// being in the 40th percentile means 40% of people scored at or below your score.

61
Q

Describe the organization of a journal article

A
  1. Abstract
    - concise summary of article
  2. Intro
    - overview of the study and relevant theories and past research
    - goes into specific hypothesis
  3. Methods
    - describes research methods used and provides necessary info for study replication
  4. Results
  5. Discussion
    - authors conclusions based on data
  6. References

Psychology 289 (6 decks)

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