Variation, Reproduction And New Technology Flashcards
What do the chromosomes threads carry?
Genes
The nucleus of a cell contains what?
Thread-like structures called chromosomes
In gametes nuclei (sex cells) there are what?
Only one single set of chromosomes
The nuclei of male and female sex cells contain what?
Only one set of genes
Genetic information is passed down through reproduction so how many genes does the new offspring have?
Two sets of genes
What do different genes control?
The development of different characteristics of the offspring
In body cells, chromosomes come in pairs, why?
Because one set comes from female gamete and the other set from the father
Identical clones produced by asexual reproduction is called?
Clones
What are the sex cells in animals?
Sperm and egg
Differences in characteristics of individuals of the same kind may be due to:
Differences in genes they’ve inherited, conditions in which they’ve been developed and a combination of both genetic and environmental causes
Why would clones have differences?
Due to environmental factors
How else might human development be effected other then environment
If the mother smokes or drinks alcohol, the baby may be born with a lift body weight
Once animals are born their characteristics can alter, how?
If they eat too much or too little
Is it more harder to clone animals or plants?
Animals
What’s cloning used for in farms?
Useful for producing individuals that are useful in farming and agriculture
Why in plants of cloning cheap and effective
By taking cuttings and growing them
What is tissue culture?
Taking small groups of cells from a part of a plant and growing them under special conditions. This is more expensive.
What can tissue culture be used to do?
Reproduce large numbers of rare or top quality plants
What is embryo transplanting?
Embryo with unspecialised cells is split into smaller groups of cells. Each group of genetically identical cells is transplanted and allowed to develop in a host animal
What happens in adult cell cloning
The nucleus of an adult cell (e.g skin cell) replaces the nucleus of an egg cell
What happens first in adult cell cloning?
First the nucleus is removed from a unfertilised egg cell. The nucleus is removed from the skin cell and placed inside the empty egg cell
What happens second in adult cell cloning
The new egg cell is given an electric shock which causes it to divide. The ball of cells is called the embryo
The new formed embryo is what? ( in adult cell cloning)
Genetically identical to the adult skin cell
What happens once the embryo has developed into a ball of cells?
It is inserted into the womb of a host mother
What are some benefits of adult cell cloning
It can save animals from extinction & developments of cloned animals which have been genetically engineered to produce valuable proteins in their milk, these have used in medicine
Disadvantages of adult cell cloning
Concerns about the ethics of cloning, limits the variation in population, this can be a problem for natural selection in the environment changed. Concerns about using This technique on humans in the future
What does genetic engineering involve
Changing the genetic make up of an organism
Genes can be transferred to the cells of what and when?
The the cells of animals, plants and microorganisms & in the early stage of development
How is a gene cut out of a chromosome of an organism? - what happens after this?
Using An enzyme & the gene is then placed in the chromosome of another organism or bacterial
Why might a gene be placed In the organism of the same species?
To give it desired characteristics
Advantages of using cloning and genetic engineering
Cloning call the can produce heard a of cattle with useful characteristics, adult cell cloning can make copies of best animals, someone can be cures if correct gene is transferred, insulin and antibodies created from genetic engendering
Disadvantages of using cloning and genetic engineering
Many people are worried about the effect of eating GM crops on human health. Insects that aren’t pests may be effected by GM. Wether it’s ethical or not, in known long term effects
