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genetics > Variation in Chromosome Number > Flashcards

Variation in Chromosome Number Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ploidy number

A

number before n is the number of sets of chromosomes

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2
Q

aneuploidy

A

number of chromosomes in an interphase somatic cell is not an exact multiple of the haploid number

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3
Q

2n -1 = 7

A

monosomic

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4
Q

2n-2 = 6

A

nullisomic

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5
Q

2n-1-1 = 6

A

double monosomic

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6
Q

2n+1 =9

A

trisomic

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7
Q

2n + 2 =10

A

tetrasomic

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8
Q

2n+1+1 = 10

A

double trisomic

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9
Q

47 chromosomes

XXY

A

Klinefelter

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10
Q

47 chromosomes 21+

A

down syndrome

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11
Q

45 chromosomes

XO

A

turner

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12
Q

47 chromosomes

18+

A

edward

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13
Q

47 chromosomes

XXX

A

female

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14
Q

47 chromosomes

13+

A

Patau

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15
Q

polyploidy

A

extra sets of chromosomes

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16
Q

what are some examples of polyloids?

A 
wheat
oats
cotton
potatoes
sugar
salamanders
frogs
lizards
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17
Q

haploid

A

1 of every chromosome

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18
Q

diploid

A

2 of every chromosome

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19
Q

triploid

A

3 of every chromosome

20
Q

tetraploid

A

4 of every chromosome

21
Q

autopolyploidy

A

extra sets of chromsomes are identical to normal chromosome set

all sets are from the same species

tend to be sterile

22
Q

allopolyploidy

A

combination of sets of chromosomes from 2 species

tend to be fertile

23
Q

autotriploid

A

AAA

24
Q

allotriploid

A

AAB

25
Q

autotetraploid

A

AAAA

26
Q

allotetraploid

A

AABB

27
Q

nondisjunction in anaphase of mitosis

A

can result in doubling of chromosome number

relatively common in plants

28
Q

nondisjunction of all chromosomes in meiosis

A

can result in gametes with extra sets of all chromosomes chromosomes

29
Q

sterility in triploids

A

due to irregular pairing in meiosis that results in unbalanced gametes

difficult for 2 gametes that met at random to exactly restore 3 copies of each chromosome in a zygote

30
Q

examples of triploids

A

bananas

seedless wtermelons

31
Q

outcomes of meiosis in a triploid

A

a trivalent

or

a bivalent and a univalent

32
Q

can an allotriploid for a trivalent

A

no

33
Q

can an autotriploid form a trivalent

A

yes

34
Q

fertility in autopolyploids

A

they are sterile to varying degrees

propagate asexually - ie cutting, suckers, etcs

35
Q

examples of autopolyploids

A

potatoes

chrysanthemums

36
Q

higher ploidy autopolyploids usually result in…

A 
larger plants
vigorous, lush vegetative parts
flowers with multiple petal layers
large flowers
etc
37
Q

meiotic possibility for autotetraploid

AAAA

A

2 bivalents
1 quadrivalent
1 univalent + 1 trivalent

38
Q

liger

A

interspecific hybrid
female is fertile
male is sterile
both tiger and lion have 38 chromosomes

39
Q

when can interspecific hybrids be fertile in animals?

A

when breeding occurs within the same genus or between sub-species

40
Q

example of interspecific hybrid in animal that is sterile

why?

A

mule
Donkeys are 2n = 62
Horses are 2n = 64
Not all chromosomes have a homologous partner to allow balanced gametes

41
Q

amphidiploid

A

allopolyploid that behaves like a diploid in meiosis

forms balanced gametes

42
Q

how is an amphidiploid produced?

A
  • 2 species with different ploidy numbers mate forming a sterile hybrid
  • spontaneous doubling of the chromosomes occurs
  • there are now two copies of each chromosome, create a fertile product
43
Q

colchicine

A
  • chemical that can cause chromosome doubling
  • disrupts spindle fibers in cell division so that chromosomes do not segregate
  • used to turn a sterile hybrid into a amphidiploid in the lab
44
Q

Beasley

A

used colchicine to create a fertile amphidiploid from the combination of old world cotton and wild American cotton, discovering the progenitor species of modern day cotton

45
Q

triticale

A

hybrid of wheat and rye then exposed to colchicine to create fertile product

hearty and better amino acid content

genetics (5 decks)

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