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Bacterial Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

benefits to using bacteria for genetic studies

A
  • rapid reproduction
  • many progeny
  • haploid
  • asexual reproduction
  • easy to grow in lab
  • small genome
  • able to isolate/manipulate genes
  • medically important
  • can be genetically engineered to produce substances of commercial value
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2
Q

prototroph

A

WT

can grow on minimal media

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3
Q

auxotroph

A

Mutant

  • require additional nutrients from the standard media as they cannot produce them
  • some cannot metabolize certain carbon sources
  • some cannot produce amino acids, vitamins, other nutrients
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4
Q

replica plating

A

Joshua Lederberg

  • used to make a copy of the bacteria growing on a plate
  • helpful to transfer specific colonies to multiple types of media
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5
Q

mechanism for gene transfer in bacteria

A
  • conjugation
  • transformation
  • transduction
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6
Q

Lederberg and Tatum

A
  • mixed to auxotrphic strains on complete media then transferred them to minimal media
  • found some prototrophic strains
  • thought this was not due to mutations but must be from gene transfer
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7
Q

Davis’s U-tube experiment

A
  • do cells need to touch for gene transfer?
  • U tube with filter with one strain on each side
  • a pump moved media back and forth through the filter but the whole cells could not get through
  • no phototrophs resulted
    therefore, cells must touch for this type of gene transfer to occur
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8
Q

conjugation

A

temporary fusion of 2 single-cell organisms for the sexual exchange of genetic material

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9
Q

cell types in conjugation

A

F+ - contain episome called F factor and is the donor cell; have extensions called pili that contact the other cell

F- - the receipient cell

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10
Q

describe conjugation

A
  • a pili extends from F+ cell to make contact with F-
  • a conjugation tube is formed connecting the cells
  • the F factor is nicked and begins to transfer 1 strand to F- cell
  • DNA replication occurs so that both cells end up with a double stranded F factor
  • now both cells are F+
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11
Q

Hfr

A

High frequency recombination
cells that transfer genes from bacterial chromosomes at high frequency due to an integrated F factor
results from crossing over between the F factor and the bacterial chromosome in an F + cell

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12
Q

F+ x F- mating

A
  • no bacterial chromosome transferred

- only F factor is transferred

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13
Q

Hfr x F- mating

A
  • Hfr is still donor
  • rarely transfers the entire F factor
  • transfers some bacterial chromosome
  • the F- will have some genetic change due to recombination between new DNA and its chromosome but it will not be a F+ cell
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14
Q

Interrupted Mating Experiments

A
  • used to map bacterial chromosomes
  • different Hfr strains integrate in different places and begin transfer at different places and in different directions
  • stop mating at different times and see which have transferred
  • this information can be used to deduce the map of the chromosome
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15
Q

F’ cell

A
  • have some genes from the bacterial chromosome on the F factor
  • orginate from an Hfr cell that had F factor pop out of the bacterial chromosome taking some bacterial chromosome with it
  • acts as donor cell in conjucation
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16
Q

F’ + F-

A
  • allows full transfer of the F factor plus some bacterial chromosome
  • recipient has two bacterial gene copies
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17
Q

F’ merozygote

A
  • resulting recipient cell from a F’+F- transfer
  • partial diploid
  • contains two copies of bacterial genes that were on the F’ cell’s factor
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18
Q

F+
F factor characteristics
Role in conjugation

A

present as separate circular plasmid

Donor

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19
Q

F-
F factor characteristics
Role in conjugation

A

absent

recipient

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20
Q

Hfr
F factor characteristics
Role in conjugation

A

present, integrated into bacterial chromosome

high-frequency donor

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21
Q

F’
F factor characteristics
Role in conjugation

A

present as separate circular plasmid carrying some bacterial genes
donor

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22
Q

Results of

F+xF-

A

two F+ cells

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23
Q

Results of

Hfr x F-

A

One Hfr and one cell that may have altered bacterial chromosome genes but will almost never become an F+

24
Q

Results of

F’ x F-

A

one F’ cell and one F’ merozygote

25
Q

Transformation

A

exogenous DNA transfers genes to competent bacterial cell and brings about heritable change in the cell

26
Q

competent cell

A

cell is in proper state to take up DNA

27
Q

Heteroduplex DNA

A

different alleles on the 2 strand

28
Q

describe transformation

A
  • single strand of DNA extrs and is recombined into bacterial chromosome by two crossover events
  • now has two strands with different alleles
  • the two strands separate during replication and each replicates to form perfect partner strand
  • one goes into each daughter cell
  • this forms one a+ and one a- daughter cell
  • only the a+ is transformed
29
Q

cotransformation

A
  • used to determine if genes are located near each other

- only those close together will cotransform - the closer together they are, the more frequently they will

30
Q

transduction

A
  • viral mediated gene transfer
31
Q

virulant

A
  • goes through the lytic cycle
32
Q

lytic cycle

A

phage infects, takes over, replicates, and lyses cell

33
Q

temperate

A
  • infects cell and becomes part of its chromosome

- can then reproduce into multiple daughter cells and not impact the cells until ready to enter lytic cycle

34
Q

plaques

A

cleared areas in a plate covered in bacteria where the cells have been lysed
get bigger as more cells are infected

35
Q

lysogenic

A
  • phage enters the DNA of the bacterial chromosome without doing harm
  • is passed down to daughter cells as they divide
  • can eventually jump out of the chromosome, entering the lytic cycle
36
Q

prophage

A

integrate phage DNA in the lysogenic cycle

37
Q

general transduction

A
  • occurs through the lytic cycle of phage infection
  • bacterial chromosome DNA is degraded into pieces
  • the virus pick us bacterial DNA instead of viral
  • it then infects another cell, injecting bacterial DNA into the cell
  • recombination of this DNA into the recipient’s chromosome can alter the genotype
  • random bacterial chromosome gene transfer
38
Q

transducing phage

A

bacteriophage that has picked up some of the degraded bacterial DNA

39
Q

What type of transduction is useful in gene mapping. Why?

A

general transduction

if 2 genes co-transduce, they are probably close together on the bacterial chromosome

40
Q

specialized transduction

A
  • prophage pops out of bacterial chromosome and take one or a few genes with it
  • the progeny virus transfer these genes when they infect other cells
41
Q

Does conjugation require cell contact

A

yes

42
Q

Is conjugation sensitive to DNase

A

no

43
Q

Does transformation require cell contact

A

No

44
Q

Is conjugation sensitive to DNase

A

yes

45
Q

Does transduction require cell contact?

A

no

46
Q

Is transduction sensitive to DNase?

A

no

47
Q

DNase

A

enzyme that degrades DNA

48
Q

cis

A

two mutation on the same chromosome

49
Q

trans

A

two mutations on different chromosomes

50
Q

complementation

A

the production of a wild-type phenotype when two mutant types are combined in the trans configuration

51
Q

cistron

A

region of DNA in which two mutation cannot compliment each other in trans configuration

functional definition of a gene

52
Q

What will restore the normal phenotype

A

crossing over between two point mutations

crossing over between two deletions

crossing over between a point mutation and a deletion mutation within the same gene

all of the above assume that the recombinant type has a normal sequence along the entire gene length

53
Q

When can two point mutations restore normal phenotype?

A

if they are at different positions within the gene

54
Q

When can point mutation and a deletion restore normal phenotype?

A

when the point mutation is not located within the deletion

55
Q

When can two deletions restore normal phenotype?

A

if they do not overlap

genetics (5 decks)

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