variation and adaptation

Question 1

Variation

Answer 1

differences between individuals (structural, functional, physiological)

Question 2

Natural selection requires…

Answer 2

variation among members of a species in order to differentiate survival

Question 3

Genotype

Answer 3

combination of alleles

Question 4

phenotype

Answer 4

expression of alleles

Question 5

Meiosis promotes variation by creating new gene combinations by:

Answer 5

crossing over, independent assortment, random fertilization

Question 6

Crossing over

Answer 6

exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids

Question 7

Recombinants

Answer 7

combinations of DNA from both homologous chromosomes, possess new/unique gene combinations not present in either parent

Question 8

Independent assortment

Answer 8

when homologous chromosomes line up in the metaphase I, their orientation towards the opposing poles is random
Orientation of each bivalent occurs independently
Total number of chromosomes= 2^N

Question 9

Random Fertilization

Answer 9

fusion of two 1N gametes result in formation of 2N zygote
will generate many possible combinations of offspring

Question 10

Mutations

Answer 10

Changing the genetic composition of gametes leads to changed characteristics of offspring

Question 11

Gene mutation

Answer 11

permanent change in nucleotide sequence of a section of DNA coding for a specific trait
source of new alleles
only mutations in gametes (germline) can be transmitted to offspring)

Question 12

Types of mutation

Answer 12

Beneficial mutation, harmful mutation, neutral mutation

Question 13

beneficial mutation

Answer 13

increases reproductive success, accumulate over time to become adaptations
Ex: Sickle-cell resistance to Malaria

Question 14

Harmful mutation

Answer 14

reduces reproductive success
do not accumulate over time
Ex: cystic fibrosis and fertility

Question 15

neutral mutation

Answer 15

no advantage or disadvantage

Question 16

selective advantage

Answer 16

genetic advantage that improves an organisms chance of survival, usually in changing environment

Question 17

Beneficial mutations provide..

Answer 17

selective advantage

Question 18

Explain Daphnia mutation

Answer 18

allowed some populations to survive water temps between 25-30 degrees C (normally die above 27 degrees C)

Question 19

Explain antibiotic resistant bacteria

Answer 19

Species with very fast reproduction rates can become adapted to changes in their environment quickly

When bacteria got bathed in antibiotics. Most of the normal bacteria die, but the resistance bacteria multiply and become more common, entire infections evolves into a resistance strain.

Question 20

Population

Answer 20

group of reproductively isolated organism of the same species that live in the same place at the same time

Question 21

Biological species concept

Answer 21

two individual of the same species can mate under natural circumstances and produce offspring that can successfully live and reproduce.

Question 22

Limiting Factors

Answer 22

limit a population size (biotic and abiotic)

Question 23

Carrying capacity

Answer 23

maximum population size a particular environment can support

Question 24

Adaptations

Answer 24

characteristic that helps organisms survive and reproduce in their specific environment

Question 25

Types of adaptations

Answer 25

Structural, behavioural, physiological

Question 26

Structural adaptation

Answer 26

physical characteristics
camouflage, mimicry
(stick insect camouflages as stick)

Question 27

Viceroy butterfly

Answer 27

structural adaptation (mimicry)
coloration that are similar to bad tasting species, monarch

Question 28

Peppered moths

Answer 28

Structural adaptions (camouflage) to changing environment

Question 29

Behavioural adaptation

Answer 29

actions in relation to environment
ability to find food, protect itself or reproduce
Ex: mating rituals