variation according to tenor and mode

Question 1

formal x informal language

Answer 1

formal 
- used in socially careful and distant situations 
- high degree of politeness and impersonality
- written discourse 
-complex sentneces
-explicit clause and sentence linkers
-subordination
-non-finite and verbless close
-subjunctive mood
-impersonal constructions
- uncontracted forms 
non of, neither 
generic pronoun one 
whom shall

Question 2

informal language

Answer 2

-used in intimate and casual situations
co-occurs with a lesser degree of familiarity, personal forms and the use of simple, more. emotive forms of expression 
typical of spoken discourse 
-simple sentences
-finite clauses
-personal structures 
- omission of whom

Question 3

politeness - familiarity scale

Answer 3

• reflects the relationship between the participants, the social distance and power relations between them in therms of social and age

politenness - the efforts made by the speaker to impose, give options and make addressee feel good
familiarity - indicates in group status

Question 4

markers of politeness and familiarity

Answer 4

• forms and address - Sir, Mr, or just sup bro
• social communication formulae - greeting, saying goodbye
  indirect speech act - when ordering - could you bring me beer please?

Question 5

personality-impersonality scale

Answer 5

markers of personality

• personal pronouns referring to interlocutors - I, you, we
• subjectivity and emotions - interactions, evaluative adjectives and adverbs

makers of impersonality

• nominalizations - the arrival of the committee is expected
• passive voice
• formal subject - it

Question 6

contraints and functions

Answer 6

spoken language 
- transitory
-time-bound 
-shared situational context 
socialization - phatic, emotive, conative, referential 

written language
-permanent 
- no time constraints 
- spojit situational context 
main function - transmission and recording of information