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Rakeem's Cardiology > Valve Diseases > Flashcards

Valve Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Define valve diseases

A

The narrowing or the allowance of blood backflow of a valve

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2
Q

What is Aortic Stenosis?

A

The narrowing of the aortic valve. This results in LV dilation and hypertrophy. The Heart pumps harder to compensate and fails

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of Aortic Stenosis?

A

SAD
* Syncope
* Angina
* Dyspnoea

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4
Q

How do you diagnose Aortic Stenosis?

A
  • ECHO
  • ECG
  • Chest X-Ray
  • Murmur
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5
Q

What type of murmur is seen in Aortic Stenosis?

A
  • systolic crescendo decrescendo murmur
  • which radiates to the carotids at the right sternal border in the 2nd IC space
  • Has a prominent S4 in LVH, a narrow pulse pressure and a slow-rising pulse
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6
Q

How do you treat Aortic Stenosis?

A
  • Dental Care to prevent Infective Endocarditis
  • Surgery if symptomatic, open repair/replacement in healthy patients or TAVI (Transcutaneous aortic valve implant) in at-risk patients which stents valve open
  • Drugs are not effective as it’s mechanical
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7
Q

What is Mitral Regurgitation?

A
  • The mitral valve doesn’t close properly leading to backflow of blood
  • This can be due to a myxomatous mitral valve, where cells in connective tissue make the valves heavier and harder to close
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8
Q

What are risk factors for mitral regurgitation?

A

Disorders such as Marfan and Ehler Danlos puts you at risk as well as being older, female with a decreased BMI or a prior MI

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9
Q

What are symptoms of Mitral Regurgitation?

A

Exertion dyspnoea (due to pulmonary hypertension from blood backlogging)

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10
Q

How do you diagnose Mitral Regurgitation?

A
  • ECHO
  • ECG
  • Chest X-Ray
  • Murmur
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10
Q

What type of murmur does Mitral Regurgitation have?

A

Pan Systolic blowing murmur radiating to the axilla, soft S1 and prominent S3 in Heart Failure

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11
Q

How do you treat mitral regurgitation?

A
  • Ace Inhibitor and Beta Blocker
  • Serial ECHO Monitoring
  • Severe = Valve repair/replacement
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12
Q

What is Aortic Regurgitation?

A
  • The aortic valve is leaky and is insufficient
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13
Q

What can cause aortic regurgitation?

A

Connective tissue disorders, a congenital bicuspid valve, rheumatic heart disease or infective endocarditis can cause this

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14
Q

What are symptoms and signs of Aortic Regurgitation?

A
  • De Musset Sign (head bobbing)
  • Quincke’s Signs (nail pulses when pressed)
  • Collapsing Corrigan’s pulse with wide pulse pressure
  • Heart Failure
  • Pulmonary Oedema
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15
Q

How do you diagnose Aortic Regurgitation?

A
  • ECHO
  • Chest X-ray
  • ECG
  • Murmur
16
Q

What type of murmur does aortic regurgitation have?

A
  • Early diastolic blowing murmur at the left sternal border in the 2nd IC space
  • It can lead to an Austin Flint murmur, a mid-diastolic and a low-pitched rumble –> This is severe
17
Q

How do you treat Aortic Regurgitation?

A
  • Infective Endocarditis prophylaxis
  • Valve replacement if symptomatic
18
Q

What is Mitral Stenosis?

A

Narrowing of the mitral valve because of rheumatic fever and valve calcification

19
Q

What can also cause Mitral Stenosis?

A

could also be due to infective endocarditis

20
Q

What can Mitral Stenosis lead to?

A

This leads to LA hypertrophy and dilation which links to A Fib as there is an increased risk of embolisation as blood is pumped harder

21
Q

What are signs and symptoms of Mitral Stenosis?

A
  • Malar Cheek flush
  • Dyspnoea
  • A Wave on JVP
  • Associated with A Fib
22
Q

How do you diagnose Mitral Stenosis?

A
  • ECHO
  • Chest X-Ray (enlarged LA)
  • ECG (A Fib, P Mitrale)
  • Murmur
23
Q

What type of murmur does Mitral Stenosis have?

A
  • Low-pitched, mid-diastolic murmur which is loudest at the apex and best heard with the patient lying on their left
  • There is an opening snap after S2
24
Q

How do you treat Mitral Stenosis?

A
  • Surgery – either a percutaneous balloon valvotomy which stents open the valve or a valve replacement
25
Q

What is the mnemonic for remembering valve diseases?

A

Systolic
ASMR
Diastolic
ARMS

Rakeem's Cardiology (24 decks)

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