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Rakeem's Cardiology > Structural Heart Defects > Flashcards

Structural Heart Defects Flashcards

1
Q

Define structural heart defect

A

An abnormality or defect in the structure of one of the components of the heart

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2
Q

What is Atrial Septal Defect?

A

An abnormal atrial septum opening allows blood to pass through and bypass the lungs, which leads to an increased volume of blood in the right atrium

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3
Q

What are symptoms of atrial septal defect?

A
  • Pulmonary flow murmur
  • Fatigue
  • Shortness of breath,
  • Heart palpitations
  • Frequent respiratory infections
  • Stroke (in rare cases)
  • (Small defects may be asymptomatic)
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4
Q

How do you diagnose atrial septal defect?

A

ECHO

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5
Q

How do you treat atrial septal defect?

A
  • Sometimes may close spontaneously
  • Otherwise, surgery to close the defect
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6
Q

What is Atrioventricular Septal Defect?

A
  • Either a complete or partial hole down the middle of the heart between the atria/ventricles, leading to abnormal blood flow, especially through the lungs
  • Also associated with Down Syndrome
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7
Q

What are symptoms of Atrioventricular Septal Defect?

A
  • Breathing problems
  • Pounding heart
  • Weak pulse
  • Ashen or bluish skin colour
  • Poor feeding, slow weight gain
  • Tiring easily
  • Swelling of the legs or belly
  • (Partial defects may be asymptomatic)
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8
Q

How do you diagnose atrioventricular septal defect?

A

ECHO

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9
Q

How do you treat atrioventricular septal defect?

A

Surgery to close the defect

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10
Q

What is a Bicuspid Aortic Valve?

A

The aortic valve is bicuspid instead of tricuspid, leading to increased cardiac complications due to the inadequate valve

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11
Q

What are symptoms of a Bicuspid Aortic Valve?

A

The bicuspid valve will degenerate faster than a tricuspid one
Therefore, symptoms are complications such as:

  • Aortic Stenosis
  • Aortic Regurgitation
  • Aortic Aneurysm
  • Aortic Dissection
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12
Q

How do you diagnose a Bicuspid Aortic Valve?

A

ECHO

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13
Q

How do you treat a bicuspid aortic valve?

A
  • Non-severe – medication and monitoring
  • Otherwise, surgery to replace valve
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14
Q

What is Coarctation of Aorta?

A

A narrowing/constriction of the aorta at or near the site of the ductus arteriosus, which causes increased perfusion to the upper body through the upper aortic branches

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of Coarctation of Aorta?

A
  • Hypertension in arms and upper body
  • Weak or absent pulses in the lower extremities - Due to decreased blood flow beyond the coarctation
  • Heart murmurs
  • Headache or leg cramps - Especially during physical activity
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16
Q

How do you diagnose Coarctation of Aorta?

A
  • Chest x-ray – Big intercostal vessels
  • CT angiogram
  • ECHO
17
Q

How do you treat Coarctation of Aorta?

A

Surgery to repair coarctation

18
Q

What is a Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

A
  • The persistence of the ductus arteriosus, which is a foetal shunt between the aorta and pulmonary artery
  • This results in increased blood flow to the lungs
19
Q

What are the symptoms of a Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

A
  • A Machine-like murmur
  • Rapid breathing (tachypnoea) and increased work of breathing: Due to increased blood flow to the lungs
  • Poor feeding and poor weight gain: As a result of increased energy use
  • Frequent respiratory infections: Susceptibility due to more blood flow
20
Q

How do you diagnose a Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

A

ECHO

21
Q

How do you treat a Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

A
  • Prostaglandin inhibitor to induce closure
  • Otherwise, surgery to close the defect
22
Q

What is Pulmonary Stenosis?

A

The narrowing or obstruction of the pulmonary valve/artery, which restricts the blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, and therefore the lungs.

23
Q

What are the 3 types of pulmonary stenosis?

A
  1. Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis
  2. Subvalvular Pulmonary Stenosis
  3. Supravalvular Pulmonary Stenosis
24
Q

What is valvular pulmonary stenosis?

A

Narrowing occurs at pulmonary valve

25
Q

What is subvalvular pulmonary stenosis?

A

Narrowing below the pulmonary valve

26
Q

What is supravalvular pulmonary stenosis?

A

Narrowing occurs in pulmonary artery

27
Q

What are the symptoms of Pulmonary Stenosis?

A

Heart murmur
Cyanosis: Bluish tint of skin or lips.
Fatigue and weakness
Chest pain

28
Q

How do you diagnose Pulmonary Stenosis?

A

ECHO

29
Q

How do you treat Pulmonary Stenosis?

A
  • Observation if not severe
  • Otherwise, surgery to repair/stent
30
Q

What is Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Combination of 4 heart abnormalities
(PROV)
P – Pulmonary Stenosis
R – Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
O – Overriding Aorta
V- Ventricular Septal Defect

31
Q

What are the symptoms of Tetralogy of Fallot?

A
  • Cyanosis: Bluish tint of skin or lips
  • Shortness of breath and rapid breathing: Especially during activity.
  • Clubbing of fingers and toes: Due to chronic low oxygen levels.
  • Poor weight gain and growth: Particularly in infants/young children.
32
Q

How do you diagnose Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

ECHO
Chest x-ray (boot-shaped heart)

33
Q

How do you treat Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Surgery to repair – If done within 2 years of life, there is a good prognosis

34
Q

What is Ventricular Septal Defect?

A

A hole in the ventricular septum, which allows blood to flow between the ventricles, creating a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

35
Q

What are the symptoms of Ventricular Septal Defect?

A
  • Heart murmur
  • Shortness of breath: Especially during feeding or exertion
  • Frequent respiratory infections: Due to increased blood flow to the lungs.
  • Difficulty gaining weight
  • (Small defects may be asymptomatic)
36
Q

How do you diagnose Ventricular Septal Defect?

A

ECHO

37
Q

How do you treat Ventricular Septal Defect?

A
  • Medications to manage non-severe cases
  • Otherwise, surgery to repair the defect

Rakeem's Cardiology (24 decks)

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