Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiovascular > Valve Disease > Flashcards

Valve Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is aortic stenosis?

A

Narrowing of the aortic valve, causing obstruction of blood moving from the left ventricle to the aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the causes of aortic stenosis?

A

Ageing/calcification of valve

  • Fusion of commissures
  • Retraction and stiffening of the free cusp margins

Congenital bicuspid aortic valve

Rheumatic fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most common cause of aortic stenosis?

A

Ageing/calcification of valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does aortic stenosis present?

A

SAD

  • Syncope
  • Angina/Chest pain
  • Dyspnoea on exertion

Auscultation

  • High pitched early ejection systolic murmur with crescendo decrescendo
  • Radiates to carotid artery/neck
  • Best heard at aortic valve
  • 4th heart sound

Slow rising pulse

Narrow pulse pressure

Heaving apex beat

Right ventricular heave

Systolic thrill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What investigations are used in aortic stenosis diagnosis?

A

ECG

CXR

  • Calcification

ECHO

  • Left ventricular hypertrophy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is aortic stenosis managed?

A

Furosemide, provides symptomatic relief while waiting for surgery, nitrates are contraindicated

If asymptomatic, monitor

If symptomatic and under 75, valve replacement

If symptomatic and over 75, transcatheter aortic valve implantation

If asymptomatic but valvular gradient over 40mmHg, consider surgery

Balloon valvuloplasty, for patients with critical disease not fit for valve replacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two types of valve replacment and the difference between them?

A

Metallic

  • Longer lasting but requires life long warfarin

Tissue valve graft

  • Shorter lasting but requires warfarin for only 6 months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name some complications of aortic stenosis

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy, causing left sided HF

Arrythmia

Endocarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Differentiate between aortic stenosis and aortic sclerosis

A

Aortic sclerosis does not radiate to carotid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is aortic regurgitation?

A

Leakage of blood back to the left ventricle from the aorta upon contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the causes of aortic regurgitation?

A

Acute

  • Infective endocarditis
  • Ascending aortic dissection
  • Chest trauma

Chronic

  • Connective tissue disorders, such as Marfan’s or Ehlers-Danlos
  • Congenital bicuspid aortic valve
  • Rheumatic fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does aortic regurgitation present?

A

Long asymptomatic phase before developing symptoms in chronic cases

Auscultation

  • Early soft diastolic murmur with immediate decrescendo
  • Best heard at tricuspid region when patient sits up

Exertional dyspnoea and orthopnoea

Wide pulse pressure

Bounding pulse

Collapsing pulse

Thrusting apex beat

Corrigan sign

De Musset sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 4 unsual signs seen in aortic regurgitation?

A

Corrigan’s sign

Quincke’s sign

Traube’s sign

De Musset’s sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Corrigan’s sign?

A

Visible carotid pulsations, seen in AR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Quincke’s sign?

A

Capillary pulsations in the nail bed, seen in AR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Traube’s sign?

A

Pistol shots over the femoral arteries, seen in AR

17
Q

What is De Musset’s sign?

A

Head nodding in time with the pulse, seen in AR

18
Q

What investigations are used in aortic regurgitation diagnosis?

A

ECG

CXR

  • Cardiomegaly

ECHO

19
Q

How is aortic regurgitation managed?

A

ACEI, to reduce systolic hypertension

Echo every 6–12 months to monitor

Aim to replace the valve before significant LV dysfunction occurs

20
Q

What is mitral stenosis?

A

Narrowing of the mitral valve, causing the obstruction of blood moving from the left atrium to the left ventricle

21
Q

What are the causes of mitral stenosis?

A

Rheumatic fever

22
Q

How does mitral stenosis present?

A

Auscultation

  • Mild diastolic rumbling with opening snap
  • Heard at mitral region when patient lies to the left
  • Loud S1
  • Loudest on expiration

Malar flush

Dyspnoea

Hoarse voice

Tapping apex beat

Diastolic thrill

Right ventricular heave

23
Q

What investigations are used in mitral stenosis diagnosis?

A

ECG

  • AF
  • Bifid p wave

CXR

ECHO

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR)

24
Q

What is the management of mitral stenosis?

A

Diuretics in acute phase for symptomatic management

Balloon valvuloplasty, in mild disease

Percutaneous mitral valvotomy, in moderate disease

Mitral valve replacement, in severe disease

Anticoagulants

25
Q

What is mitral regurgitation?

A

Leakage of blood back to the left atrium from the left ventricle upon contraction

26
Q

What are the causes of mitral regurgitation?

A

Papillary muscle dysfunction, post MI

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Infective endocarditis

Age related calcification/degenerative

Connective tissue disorders

Mitral valve prolapse

  • Polycystic kidney disease
  • WPW
  • Long QT
27
Q

How does mitral regurgitation present?

A

Auscultation

  • Pansystolic whistling/whoosh all the way through
  • Radiates to axilla
  • Loudest at mitral valve
  • Soft S1

Dyspnoea

Thrusting apex beat

Jerky pulse

28
Q

What investigations are used in mitral regurgitation diagnosis?

A

ECG

  • Tall p waves

CXR

ECHO

CMR

29
Q

What is the management of mitral regurgitation?

A

Acute

  • Sodium Nitroprusside
  • Dobutamine

Urgent surgical repair or valve replacement

30
Q

Give features of pulmonary stenosis

A

Ejection systolic murmur

  • Loudest on expiration

Congenital disease

  • Noonan syndrome
  • Williams syndrome
  • Tetralogy of Fallot
  • Congenital rubella syndrome
31
Q

How is pulmonary stenosis managed?

A

Treatment is considered for patients with transvalvular pressure gradients over 50mmHg

Valvotomy

Balloon angioplasty

32
Q

Give features of pulmonary regurgitation

A

Graham-Steel murmur

  • Early diastolic, high pitched blowing
33
Q

Give features of tricuspid regurgitation

A

Pan systolic murmur

  • Loudest at tricuspid valve/lower left sternal edge
  • Louder on inspiration

Fever

IVDU

34
Q

Give features of tricuspid stenosis

A

Diastolic murmur

  • Left sternal edge/tricuspid valve

Cardiovascular (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions