Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiovascular > Hypertension and Hyperlipidaemia > Flashcards

Hypertension and Hyperlipidaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What level is diagnostic of mild HTN?

A

140/90

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What level is diagnostic of moderate HTN?

A

160/100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What level is diagnostic of severe HTN?

A

>180/110

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the risk factors for primary HTN?

A

Smoking

Diabetes

>Age

Obesity

FH

Previous MI

Alcohol intake

Male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What percentage of HTN cases are primary?

A

90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the causes of secondary HTN?

A

Renal artery stenosis

Pre-Eclampsia

NSAIDS

Combined Contraceptive Pill

Cushing’s

Conn’s Disease

Co-Arctation of the aorta

Diabetes

Pregnancy

Pheochromocytoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When should secondary HTN be considered?

A

If patient is not responding to treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What investigations are used in the diagnosis of HTN?

A

Repeat BP measurements over time

24 Ambulatory BP Monitoring

  • White coat hypertension
  • If BP inconclusive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name some complications of HTN

A

Stroke and cognitive decline

MI

HF

Renal failure/Proteinuria

Retinopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the non-pharmacological management of HTN?

A

Weight loss

Diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the pharmacological management of HTN in >55 or Afro-Caribbeans?

A

CCB

CCB + ACEI/ARB (prefered ARB in African Carribean origin) or thiazide diuretic

ACEI + CCB + Thiazide diuretic

+ Low dose spirnolactone if K less than 4.5

or B/A blocker if K more than 4.5

Specialist review if not controlled on 4 drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the pharmacological management of <55?

A

ACEI/ARB

ACEI + CCB or thiazide diuretic

ACEI + CCB + thiazide diuretic

+ Low dose spirnolactone if K less than 4.5

or B blocker if K more than 4.5

Specialised review if not controlled on 4 drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the first line hypertensive medication in diabetics, regardless of age?

A

ACEI

Due to renoprotective effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ACEI?

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor

Prevents angiotensin 1 converting to angiotensin 2

So less vasoconstriction

Also causes Na excretion and H2O release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give side effects of ACEI

A

Dry cough

Urticaria

Hyperkalaemia

Angioedema, resulting in swollen tongue and lips

First dose hypotension

Dizziness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Give contraindications of ACEI

A

Pregnancy and breastfeeding

Renovascular disease, may result in renal impairment

Aortic stenosis, may result in hypotension

Hereditary of idiopathic angioedema

17
Q

What monitoring should be involved with ACEI?

A

Rise in creatinine and K should be expected

Significant renal impairment in patients with undiagnosed renal artery stenosis

18
Q

Give possible drug interactions with ACEI

A

High dose diuretic therapy, significantly increases hypotension risk

19
Q

What is the mechanism of action of CCB?

A

Reduce cell entry of Ca via voltage sensitive channels

As Ca causes contractions, reducing this leads to relaxation of muscles

20
Q

Give an example of a CCB

A

Amlodipine

Verapamil

21
Q

Give side effects of CCB

A

Ankle oedema

Flushes

22
Q

What is the mechanism of action of B Blockers?

A

Blocks adrenalin from reaching B1

So slows heart rate down

But can also block B2 in lungs

23
Q

Give side effects of B-Blockers

A

Cold peripheries

Bronchospasms, contraindicated in asthma

Bradycardia

Hypotension

Erectile dysfunction

Fatigue/sleep disturbance, including nightmares

Reduce hypoglycaemic awareness

24
Q

Give contraindications of B Blockers

A

Uncontrolled heart failure

Asthma

Sick sinus syndrome

Concurrent verapamil use, may precipitate severe bradycardia

25
Q

What is the mechanism of action of thiazide diuretics?

A

Inhibit the sodium/chloride co-transporter

26
Q

Give an example of a thiazide diuretic

A

Bendroflumethiazide

Indapamide

27
Q

Give side effects of thiazaide diuretics

A

Postural hypotension

Hypokalaemia, causing heart block

Hyponatraemia

Hypercalcaemia, causing constipation, renal stones

Impaired glucose tolerance

Impotence/sexual dysfunction

Agranulocytosis

Dehydration

Gout

Photosensitivity rash

Pancreatitis, rare complication

Precipitate digoxin toxicity

28
Q

What is malignant hypertension?

A

Medical emergency involving fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles and dilation of cerebral arteries

29
Q

Describe the presentation of malignant HTN

A

Headache

Vomiting

Visual disturbance

Convulsions

Papilloedema

30
Q

What is the management of malignant HTN?

A

IV Labetalol

31
Q

Name some complications of malignant HTN

A

Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia

Renal failure

Cerebral haemorrhage

Coma

Death

32
Q

What is hyperlipidaemia/dyslipidaemia?

A

Raised levels of cholesterol and triglycerides within the blood, associated with increased cardiovascular risk

33
Q

What is familial hypercholesterolaemia?

A

Autosominal dominant elevation of cholesterol, leading to earlier development of cardiovascular disease

34
Q

How does hyerlipidaemia present?

A

Tendon xanthomata

Xanethelasma

35
Q

What is orthostatic hypotension?

A

Diagnosed when there is a drop in systolic BP of at least 20 mmHg and/or a drop in diastolic BP of at least 10 mmHg after 3 minutes of standing

36
Q

What can be used in the management of orthostatic hypotension?

A

Advise patient to stand slowly, dorsiflexing the feet before standing upiright

Fludrocortisone, first line drug

Midodrine

Cardiovascular (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions