Valve Disease

Question 1

What is a cardiac murmur?

Answer 1

Noise due to turbulent blood flow within the heart

Question 2

Diastolic murmurs are in time with the carotid pulse. True/False?

Answer 2

False
Systolic murmurs are in time with the carotid pulse

Question 3

Where do aortic murmurs tend (but not always) radiate to?

Answer 3

Carotids

Question 4

Where do mitral murmurs tend (but not always) radiate to?

Answer 4

Axilla

Question 5

Where do tricuspid murmurs tend to radiate?

Answer 5

Nowhere!

Question 6

What is a thrill?

Answer 6

Palpable murmur

Question 7

What is a heave?

Answer 7

Palpable sensation due to ventricular stress/hypertrophy

Question 8

Which murmurs, left or right sided, are louder on inspiration?

Answer 8

Right sided

Question 9

Name the main non-invasive investigation for diagnosing cardiac murmurs

Answer 9

Echocardiography

Question 10

Name an invasive investigation for diagnosing cardiac murmurs

Answer 10

Cardiac catheterisation

Question 11

What are the main causes of aortic stenosis?

Answer 11

Congenital bicuspid valve
Degeneration/calcification with age
Rheumatic disease

Question 12

Can aortic stenosis patients be asymptomatic?

Answer 12

Yes

Question 13

What are some symptoms of aortic stenosis?

Answer 13

Breathlessness
Chest pain
Dizziness
[less cardiac output]

Question 14

What are some signs of aortic stenosis?

Answer 14

Slow-rising pulse
Heaving apex
Ejection systolic
Radiates to carotid

Question 15

Name some treatment for aortic stenosis

Answer 15

Valve replacement
Balloon valvotomy
TAVI (valve implantation)

Question 16

What are the main causes of mitral regurgitation?

Answer 16

Rheumatic disease
Myxoma in younger people
Endocarditis
Chorda rupture

Question 17

What are some signs of mitral regurgitation?

Answer 17

Displaced apex
Pansystolic
Radiates to axilla

Question 18

Name some treatment for mitral regurgitation

Answer 18

Valve replacement
Diuretics, ACEi

Question 19

What is the main cause of mitral stenosis?

Answer 19

Rheumatic disease

Question 20

What are some symptoms of mitral stenosis?

Answer 20

Breathlessness
Palpitations
Fatigue

Question 21

What are some signs of mitral stenosis?

Answer 21

Malar flush
Tapping apex
Mid-diastolic rumbling

Question 22

Name some treatment for mitral stenosis

Answer 22

Valve replacement
Balloon valvuloplasty
Diuretics, B blocker, digoxin

Question 23

What are the main causes of aortic regurgitation?

Answer 23

Endocarditis
Connective tissue disorders (SLE, rheumatoid)
Marfan’s syndrome

Question 24

What are some signs of aortic regurgitation?

Answer 24

Collapsing pulse
Displaced apex
Early diastolic