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1MB Cardiology > Cardiovascular Management > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Management Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the standard limb leads, i.e. where they are aligned

A

Lead I: RA-LA
Lead II: RA-LL
Lead III: LA-LL

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2
Q

What does the P wave represent? How long is it?

A

Atrial depolarisation
0.08-0.10s

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3
Q

What does the QRS complex represent? How long is it?

A

Ventricular depolarisation
Less than 0.10s

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4
Q

What does the T wave represent?

A

Ventricular repolarisation

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5
Q

What does the PR interval represent? How long is it?

A

AV nodal delay
0.12-0.20s

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6
Q

What does the ST segment represent?

A

(maintained) Ventricular systole

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7
Q

What does the TP interval represent?

A

Diastole

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8
Q

What are the 3 augmented limb leads?

A

aVR, aVL and aVF

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9
Q

One large box (5 small squares) on an ECG represents how many seconds?

A

0.2 seconds

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10
Q

How do we calculate heart rate on a regular ECG?

A

300/no. of large boxes between R-R peaks

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11
Q

How do we calculate heart rate on an irregular ECG?

A

300/no. of QRS peaks in 6 large boxes

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12
Q

What are the main risk factors for CVD?

A

Hypertension
Smoking
Diabetes
Dyslipidaemia/obesity
Lack of physical activity

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13
Q

HDL cholesterol tends to be low when triglycerides are high. True/False?

A

True

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14
Q

Essential hypertension has a clear underlying cause. True/False?

A

False
Cause largely unknown; secondary hypertension usually has a cause

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15
Q

What are the reversible causes of cardiac arrest?

A

Hypoxia
Hypokalaemia/hyperkalaemia
Hypothermia/hyperthermia
Hypovolaemia

Tension pneumothorax
Tamponade
Thrombosis
Toxins

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16
Q

What is the treatment for hyperkalemia?

A

Insulin and dextrose infusion- moves K+ back into cells
IV calcium gluconate- protects myocardium

17
Q

Does a low diastolic bp indicate arterial vasoconstriction or vasodilation?

A

Arterial vasodilation (as in anaphylaxis or sepsis)

18
Q

Does a narrowed pulse pressure suggested suggests arterial vasoconstriction or vasodilation?

A

Suggests arterial vasoconstriction (cardiogenic shock or hypovolaemia)

(difference between systolic and diastolic pressures; normally 35–45 mmHg)

19
Q

What is the healthy level for Total Cholesterol?

A

5 or below

20
Q

What is the healthy level for HDL?

A

1 or above

21
Q

What is the healthy level for LDL?

A

4 or below

22
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

Fatty substance similar to LDL

23
Q

What is the healthy level of Fasting triglycerides? (when you’re asked not to eat for several hours before the test)

A

1.7 or below

24
Q

What is the healthy level of non-Fasting triglycerides?

A

2.3 or below

25
Q

What is the healthy level of Total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio?

A

6 or below

1MB Cardiology (16 decks)

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