Cardiovascular Management Flashcards
Describe the standard limb leads, i.e. where they are aligned
Lead I: RA-LA
Lead II: RA-LL
Lead III: LA-LL
What does the P wave represent? How long is it?
Atrial depolarisation
0.08-0.10s
What does the QRS complex represent? How long is it?
Ventricular depolarisation
Less than 0.10s
What does the T wave represent?
Ventricular repolarisation
What does the PR interval represent? How long is it?
AV nodal delay
0.12-0.20s
What does the ST segment represent?
(maintained) Ventricular systole
What does the TP interval represent?
Diastole
What are the 3 augmented limb leads?
aVR, aVL and aVF
One large box (5 small squares) on an ECG represents how many seconds?
0.2 seconds
How do we calculate heart rate on a regular ECG?
300/no. of large boxes between R-R peaks
How do we calculate heart rate on an irregular ECG?
300/no. of QRS peaks in 6 large boxes
What are the main risk factors for CVD?
Hypertension
Smoking
Diabetes
Dyslipidaemia/obesity
Lack of physical activity
HDL cholesterol tends to be low when triglycerides are high. True/False?
True
Essential hypertension has a clear underlying cause. True/False?
False
Cause largely unknown; secondary hypertension usually has a cause
What are the reversible causes of cardiac arrest?
Hypoxia
Hypokalaemia/hyperkalaemia
Hypothermia/hyperthermia
Hypovolaemia
Tension pneumothorax
Tamponade
Thrombosis
Toxins
What is the treatment for hyperkalemia?
Insulin and dextrose infusion- moves K+ back into cells
IV calcium gluconate- protects myocardium
Does a low diastolic bp indicate arterial vasoconstriction or vasodilation?
Arterial vasodilation (as in anaphylaxis or sepsis)
Does a narrowed pulse pressure suggested suggests arterial vasoconstriction or vasodilation?
Suggests arterial vasoconstriction (cardiogenic shock or hypovolaemia)
(difference between systolic and diastolic pressures; normally 35–45 mmHg)
What is the healthy level for Total Cholesterol?
5 or below
What is the healthy level for HDL?
1 or above
What is the healthy level for LDL?
4 or below
What are triglycerides?
Fatty substance similar to LDL
What is the healthy level of Fasting triglycerides? (when you’re asked not to eat for several hours before the test)
1.7 or below
What is the healthy level of non-Fasting triglycerides?
2.3 or below
What is the healthy level of Total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio?
6 or below
