Values, Beliefs, and Caring Flashcards
A belief is
mental representation of reality or a person’s perceptions about what is right (correct), true, or real, or what the person expects to happen in a given situation
Values are
enduring ideas about what a person considers is the good, the best, and the “right” thing to do and their opposites—the bad, worst, and wrong things to do—and about what is desirable or has worth in life
Values determine the importance and worth of
an idea, a belief, an object, or a behavior
First-order beliefs serve as
the foundation or an individual’s belief system
People begin developing first-order beliefs about what is correct, real, and true in
early childhood directly through experiences and indirectly from information shared by authority figures, such as parents or teachers
People continue to develop first-order beliefs into adulthood through
direct experiences and the acquisition of knowledge from a vast number of sources with various degrees of expertise and levels of influence
First-order beliefs are derived from
- Life experiences* Respected authorities* Parents or caregivers* Culture* Ethnicity* Education* Religion* Spirituality
First-Order Beliefs Purposes
- Provide basic information about what is real or true* Indicate what a person expects on the basis of information shared or obtained from others* Are the foundation for the formation of all other beliefs
Higher-order beliefs are ideas derived from
person’s first-order beliefs, using either inductive or deductive reasoning
In the process of learning, people form
generalizations
When generalizations are treated as if they are always true, they are called
stereotypes
A stereotype is a
conceptualized depiction of a person, a group, or an event that is thought to be typical of all others in that category
problem with stereotypes is that sometimes people use stereotypes to rationalize
personal biases or prejudices
prejudice is
a preformed opinion, usually an unfavorable one, about an entire group of people that is based on insufficient knowledge, irrational feelings, or inaccurate stereotypes.
values system is
a set of somewhat consistent values and measures that are organized hierarchically into a belief system on a continuum of relative importance
A values system helps the person
choose between alternatives, resolve values conflicts, and make decisions
Values clarification is
therapeutic process that allows individuals to consider, clarify, and prioritize their personal values
Nurses can use values clarification to help patients ______ …
identify the nature of a conflict and reach a decision based on their values
While helping patients with values clarification and care decisions, nurses must be aware of
potential influence of their professional nursing role on patient decision-making
Patients listen to or do not listen to, trust or mistrust, and act on or ignore information provided by
members of the health care team on the basis of their previous experiences and, sometimes, stereotypes or prejudices.
paradigm is
worldview
As nurses learn about their discipline, their paradigm gradually changes to one based on
body of knowledge that focuses on scientific principles
Caring is defined as
having concern or regard for another and is conceptualized as a human trait, a moral imperative, an affect, the nurse–patient interpersonal relationship, and a therapeutic intervention
Madeline Leininger: Theory of Cultural Care Diversity and Universality
(1) care is a central unifying focus of nursing; (2) a cure cannot occur without caring;(3) culture is embedded in all aspects of one’s being; and (4) culturally congruent care promotes health and well-being
according to Madeline Leininger three nursing actions focus on finding ways to provide culturally congruent care
(1) preserving or maintaining the patient’s cultural health practices(2) accommodating, adapting, or adjusting health care practices for culturally congruent care(3) culture care repatterning or restructuring of professional actions and health care decisions as mutually established by the patient and nurse
Jean Watson: Theory of Human Caring Ten Caritas
- Practicing loving-kindness and equanimity within context of caring consciousness.* Being authentically present and enabling, and sustaining the deep belief system and subjective life world of self and the one being cared for.* Cultivating one’s own spiritual practices and transpersonal self, going beyond ego self.* Developing and sustaining a helping-trusting, authentic caring relationship.* Being present to and supportive of the expression of positive and negative feelings.* Creatively using self and all ways of knowing as part of the caring process; engaging in artistry of caring-healing practices.* Engaging in genuine teaching-learning experience that attends to wholeness and meaning, attempting to stay within other’s frame of reference.* Creating healing environment at all levels, whereby wholeness, beauty, comfort, dignity, and peace are potentiated.* Assisting with basic needs, with an intentional caring consciousness, administering “human care essentials,” which potentiate alignment of mind-body-spirit, wholeness in all aspects of care.* Opening and attending to mysterious dimensions of one’s life-death; soul care for self and the one being cared for; “allowing and being open to miracles.”
Kristen Swanson: Theory of Caring five caring processes
being understood (knowing)feeling valued (being with)feeling hopeful (maintaining belief)feeling capable (enabling)and feeling safe and comforted (doing for)
Anne Boykin and Savina Schoenhofer: Theory of Nursing as Caring six attributes of caring
compassion competence conscience confidence commitment comportment (behavior)
most essential behaviors include to caring in nurse–patient relationship
compassion, presence, touch, and active listening
Compassion is
the force that impels and empowers one to recognize, acknowledge, and act to alleviate human suffering
Sympathy means
to have pity for another’s situation
empathy refers to
the ability to understand or share the feelings of another
Compassion is both an
outcome and a process
Factors associated with compassion include
attentiveness, listening, confronting, involvement, helping, presence, and understanding
The nurse’s ability to develop and display compassion may be influenced by
nurse’s knowledge and expertise; nurse, patient, and organizational cultures; and prior experiences regarding compassion
Nursing presence is defined as
the shared perception of human connectedness between a nurse and a patient
Theory of Nurse Presence identifies five components to nurse presence:
individual nurse characteristics,
individual patient characteristics
shared characteristics within the nurse-patient pair
environmental characteristics reflective of relational work
the nurse’s intentional decision to engage in practice
Touch is
the intentional contact between two or more people
Touch can also be viewed as an intervention, such as
healing touch
therapeutic touch
Task-Oriented Touch is
performing nursing interventions, such as giving a bath, changing dressings, suctioning an endotracheal tube, giving an injection, starting an intravenous (IV) line, or inserting a nasogastric (NG) tube.
Caring touch is
valuable means of nonverbal communication
touch can be perceived as
being intrusive or, at times, hostile by some patients, such as those who are confused or suspicious, abused, aggressive, and those under the influence of drugs or alcohol
Those who provide care to others are at risk for developing _________ ___________
compassion fatigue
Active listening is
specific communication technique in which one fully concentrates on what the other is saying in a conscious effort to fully understand the other
Compassion fatigue is
characterized by physical and emotional exhaustion and an extreme inability to empathize
Compassion fatigue may result in feelings of
vulnerability, anxiety, depression, and anger
