Asepsis and Infection Control Flashcards
1
Q
Asepsis means
A
freedom from and prevention of disease-causing contamination
2
Q
infection is
A
establishment of a pathogen in a susceptible host; a disease state is caused by the infectious agent
3
Q
Normal flora is
A
group of microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, protozoa) that live in or on the body but do not cause disease
4
Q
Normal Flora is or is not cancerous
A
its benign non cancerous
5
Q
body’s first line of defense against infection is
A
Normal Flora
6
Q
The second line of defense is
A
Inflammatory Response
7
Q
Inflammation is a local response to
A
cellular injury or infection
8
Q
why does the leukocytes increase the temperature during infections
A
to neutralize, control, and eliminate invading pathogens
9
Q
antigen is
A
any substance that provokes an adaptive immune response
10
Q
what are the different types of immune systemes
A
Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
11
Q
Innate (nonspecific) Immunity provides
A
immediate defense against foreign antigens
12
Q
Adaptive (acquired or specific) Immunity provides
A
long-term immunity when the body is exposed to an antigen
13
Q
the two types of adaptive immunity
A
Humoral Immunity
Cellular Immunity
14
Q
Humoral Immunity produce
A
antibodies in response to antigens or pathogens circulating in the lymph and blood
15
Q
Cellular immunity involves
A
defense by WBCs against any microorganisms that the body does not recognize as its own
16
Q
Adaptive immunity is antigen specific and involves
A
active, long-term immunologic memory
17
Q
epithelial cells, which help remove
A
microorganisms and other infectious agents
18
Q
The respiratory system contains cilia and mucus, which move or trap
A
foreign bodies
19
Q
The flora and low pH of the gastrointestinal tract prevent
A
the colonization of pathogenic microorganisms
20
Q
The chain of infection has six main components:
A
the infectious agent, the source of infection, the portal of exit, the mode of transmission, the portal of entry, and the susceptible host
21
Q
pathogen is
A
An infectious agent that causes disease
22
Q
Bacteria are
A
single-cell organisms
23
Q
Bacteria live as normal flora on and in the
A
skin, eyes, nose, mouth, upper throat, lower urethra, lower intestine, and large intestine
24
Q
Viruses are
A
the smallest microorganisms
25
Viruses reproduce inside
living cells of the host
26
Fungi are like
bacteria
27
Fungi are present in
air, soil, and water
28
Molds and yeasts are examples of
fungi
29
Parasites are
organisms that live on or in other organisms
30
Examples of parasites are
protozoans, helminths, and arthropods
31
Parasites are typically transmitted by
sexual contact, insects, and domestic animals
32
Source of Infection is called
reservoir or host
33
Reservoirs can be
surfaces, equipment, medication, air, food, and water
34
Human sources of infection are
health care personnel, family, friends, and patients insects, rats, birds, bats, pigs, and cows
35
Portal of Exit is
the means by which the pathogen escapes from the reservoir of infection
36
Microorganisms escape through
emesis, sneezes, coughs, sputum, urine, stool, blood, genital secretions, and wound drainage
37
The form of transportation is referred to as the
mode of transmission
38
Modes of transmission include
contact, airborne, vehicle, droplet, and vector-borne
39
ost microorganisms are transmitted by
contact
40
Airborne transmission occurs when
microorganisms are dispersed by air currents and inhaled or deposited on the skin of a susceptible host
41
Droplet transmission occurs when
the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract are exposed to the secretions of an infected individual
42
Vectors carry the
pathogens from one host to another
43
portals of entry:
gastrointestinal tract by ingestion, the genitourinary tract by contact with mucous membranes, the respiratory tract by inhalation, the integumentary system by breaks in the skin, and the urinary tract by introduction through the urethra.
44
Standard precautions are used with all patients to limit
direct exposure to blood and bodily fluids
45
susceptible host is
someone exposed to an infectious disease who is likely to contract the disease
46
Health care–associated infections (HAIs), formerly referred to as
nosocomial infections
47
nosocomial infections occur when
patient is receiving treatment in a health care facility such as a hospital, long-term care facility, clinic, or primary care office
48
Resistant Organisms are
Microorganisms that adapt to their environment to compete for survival
49
drug resistance is
Microorganisms developing resistance to medications that had been previously successful at treating the infection
50
Many factors contribute to resistance including
overprescribing of antibiotics for nonbacterial infections
use of inappropriate antibiotics for the infecting microorganism
incomplete courses of antibiotics
51
Infections are classified as
localized or systemic.
52
Localized infection signs and symptoms
redness, swelling, warmth, pain, tenderness, drainage, numbness or tingling, and loss of function to the affected area
53
Systemic infection signs and symptoms
fever, increases in heart and respiratory rates, lethargy, anorexia, and tenderness or enlargement of lymph nodes
54
Infants and the elderly are at the greatest risk for
infection because of weakened immune system
55
Females are at greater risk for
UTIs
56
Males with an enlarged prostate may have incomplete emptying of the bladder, leaving them vulnerable to _____
UTIs
57
Disabilities causing immobility can increase the risk for
respiratory, skin, and urinary tract infections.
58
Obesity has been linked to an increased risk for certain
skin infections in the skin folds
59
Infection Assessment question
* Do you feel tired or fatigued?
* Do you feel short of breath?
* Do you often feel chilled and require a blanket when others in the room are comfortable?
* How is your appetite?
* Do you have any areas of pain, redness, swelling, and warmth?
* Do you have any rashes, breaks in the skin, or reddened areas?
* Do you have swollen lymph nodes?
* Do you feel that you empty your bladder when you go to the bathroom?
* Do you have a cough or difficulty swallowing?
* Have you had a fever?
* What medications are you on? Have you taken an antibiotic recently?
* Have you had any infections in the past year?
* Are your immunizations up-to-date?
* Have you been exposed to anyone with an infection?
* Have you traveled anywhere recently?
60
Infections are classified as _____ OR _____
acute or chronic
61
Examples of acute infections include
coughs, colds, and ear infections
62
Altered vital signs can indicate an
infection
63
Decreased blood pressure is a late sign of
infection
64
Adequate nutrition is important in the
body’s defense against infection
65
The normal WBC count for adults is
5000 to 10,000 cells/mm3
66
higher percentage of neutrophils than normal indicates
infection
67
ESR stands for
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
68
The ESR measures
the degree of inflammation in the body
69
An ESR that remains elevated indicates
poor response to current therapy
70
ESR that decreases indicates
good response
71
ESR test is performed by
timing how fast red blood cells settle to the bottom of a tube of whole blood
72
RBC's settles faster when
inflammation is present
73
International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) nursing diagnoses are applicable to infectious disease patients
Surgical break in skin integrity; chronic disease: diabetes mellitus; left hip incision: skin around incision warm, red, and tender to touch; chronic Foley catheter
Lack of knowledge about what causes infection, patient not washing hands after toileting or before meals
Prolonged bed rest, inadequate diet, open area on the coccyx
74
The planning stage of the nursing process involves
prioritizing identified nursing diagnoses, evaluating patient abilities and resources, and setting goals
75
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is
a helpful resource for ranking nursing diagnoses
76
The nurse must be proficient in aseptic technique to
reduce the patient’s risk for an HAI and know what action(s) should be taken if an HAI is suspected.
77
Proper hand hygiene and proper use of PPE are important nursing actions in the prevention of
HAIs
78
Prevention of Infection
includes
Washing hands before and after giving care
Educating patients on infections
wearing gloves when there is a risk of exposure for blood or bodily fluids
monitoring the patient's temperature
monitoring wbc count if ordered
oral hygiene
use of strict aseptic technique when inserting iv or urinary catheter and when performing air suctioning
changing iv tube every 24-48 hours
breathing exercises
turning patient every 2 hours
performing skin care
ensuring optimal nutrition
79
Immunization is
the process by which an individual develops immunity against a specific agent
it is important in preventing the spread of communicable diseases
80
Medical asepsis is often referred to as
clean technique
81
Medical aseptic procedures include
handwashing, wearing gloves, gowning, and disinfecting
82
Surgical asepsis is also called
sterile technique
83
Surgical asepsis is used for
surgical procedures
invasive procedures such as catheterization
procedures that invade the bloodstream or break the skin
dressing changes
wound care
84
Disinfection is
the removal of pathogenic microorganisms
85
Sterilization is
process used to destroy all microorganisms, including their spores
86
tuberculosis is spread through
air
87
what action will the nurse take when not all of the necessary equipment is at bed side
ring bell and ask for assistance from another staff member
88
if a person has a respitory infection you should maintain a distance of
3 feet and above
89
if there is a blocked IV line it should be
number 1 priority
90
the order of washing hands
palms
back
wrists
between fingers
fingers back and front
fingertips/ under nails
91
the sterile work surface should be
above waist level
92
when performing a surgical scrub keep hands
above elbows
93
athlete foot is what type of infection
fungal infection
94
how can HIV spread
bodily fulid/ blood
blood transfusion, sharing of infecting needles, needle stick injuries
95
blood born pathogen diseases
hep B
hep C
HIV
96
clostridium difficile is transmitted through
vehicle
airborne
droplet
contact
contact
97
indication of localized response to inflammation
pain
swelling
redness
and heat and wound site
98
vehicle transmited infectons are spread by
blood
food
water
99
blood borne pathogens examples
hepatitis B and C viruses and HIV
100
what does a culture swab do
know what type of infection is present and find the right medications for it
101
