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nsg 106 exam 2 > Asepsis and Infection Control > Flashcards

Asepsis and Infection Control Flashcards

1
Q

Asepsis means

A

freedom from and prevention of disease-causing contamination

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2
Q

infection is

A

establishment of a pathogen in a susceptible host; a disease state is caused by the infectious agent

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3
Q

Normal flora is

A

group of microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, protozoa) that live in or on the body but do not cause disease

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4
Q

Normal Flora is or is not cancerous

A

its benign non cancerous

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5
Q

body’s first line of defense against infection is

A

Normal Flora

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6
Q

The second line of defense is

A

Inflammatory Response

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7
Q

Inflammation is a local response to

A

cellular injury or infection

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8
Q

why does the leukocytes increase the temperature during infections

A

to neutralize, control, and eliminate invading pathogens

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9
Q

antigen is

A

any substance that provokes an adaptive immune response

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10
Q

what are the different types of immune systemes

A

Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity

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11
Q

Innate (nonspecific) Immunity provides

A

immediate defense against foreign antigens

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12
Q

Adaptive (acquired or specific) Immunity provides

A

long-term immunity when the body is exposed to an antigen

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13
Q

the two types of adaptive immunity

A

Humoral Immunity
Cellular Immunity

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14
Q

Humoral Immunity produce

A

antibodies in response to antigens or pathogens circulating in the lymph and blood

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15
Q

Cellular immunity involves

A

defense by WBCs against any microorganisms that the body does not recognize as its own

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16
Q

Adaptive immunity is antigen specific and involves

A

active, long-term immunologic memory

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17
Q

epithelial cells, which help remove

A

microorganisms and other infectious agents

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18
Q

The respiratory system contains cilia and mucus, which move or trap

A

foreign bodies

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19
Q

The flora and low pH of the gastrointestinal tract prevent

A

the colonization of pathogenic microorganisms

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20
Q

The chain of infection has six main components:

A

the infectious agent, the source of infection, the portal of exit, the mode of transmission, the portal of entry, and the susceptible host

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21
Q

pathogen is

A

An infectious agent that causes disease

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22
Q

Bacteria are

A

single-cell organisms

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23
Q

Bacteria live as normal flora on and in the

A

skin, eyes, nose, mouth, upper throat, lower urethra, lower intestine, and large intestine

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24
Q

Viruses are

A

the smallest microorganisms

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25
Q

Viruses reproduce inside

A

living cells of the host

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26
Q

Fungi are like

A

bacteria

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27
Q

Fungi are present in

A

air, soil, and water

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28
Q

Molds and yeasts are examples of

A

fungi

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29
Q

Parasites are

A

organisms that live on or in other organisms

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30
Q

Examples of parasites are

A

protozoans, helminths, and arthropods

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31
Q

Parasites are typically transmitted by

A

sexual contact, insects, and domestic animals

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32
Q

Source of Infection is called

A

reservoir or host

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33
Q

Reservoirs can be

A

surfaces, equipment, medication, air, food, and water

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34
Q

Human sources of infection are

A

health care personnel, family, friends, and patients insects, rats, birds, bats, pigs, and cows

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35
Q

Portal of Exit is

A

the means by which the pathogen escapes from the reservoir of infection

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36
Q

Microorganisms escape through

A

emesis, sneezes, coughs, sputum, urine, stool, blood, genital secretions, and wound drainage

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37
Q

The form of transportation is referred to as the

A

mode of transmission

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38
Q

Modes of transmission include

A

contact, airborne, vehicle, droplet, and vector-borne

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39
Q

ost microorganisms are transmitted by

A

contact

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40
Q

Airborne transmission occurs when

A

microorganisms are dispersed by air currents and inhaled or deposited on the skin of a susceptible host

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41
Q

Droplet transmission occurs when

A

the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract are exposed to the secretions of an infected individual

42
Q

Vectors carry the

A

pathogens from one host to another

43
Q

portals of entry:

A

gastrointestinal tract by ingestion, the genitourinary tract by contact with mucous membranes, the respiratory tract by inhalation, the integumentary system by breaks in the skin, and the urinary tract by introduction through the urethra.

44
Q

Standard precautions are used with all patients to limit

A

direct exposure to blood and bodily fluids

45
Q

susceptible host is

A

someone exposed to an infectious disease who is likely to contract the disease

46
Q

Health care–associated infections (HAIs), formerly referred to as

A

nosocomial infections

47
Q

nosocomial infections occur when

A

patient is receiving treatment in a health care facility such as a hospital, long-term care facility, clinic, or primary care office

48
Q

Resistant Organisms are

A

Microorganisms that adapt to their environment to compete for survival

49
Q

drug resistance is

A

Microorganisms developing resistance to medications that had been previously successful at treating the infection

50
Q

Many factors contribute to resistance including

A

overprescribing of antibiotics for nonbacterial infections

use of inappropriate antibiotics for the infecting microorganism

incomplete courses of antibiotics

51
Q

Infections are classified as

A

localized or systemic.

52
Q

Localized infection signs and symptoms

A

redness, swelling, warmth, pain, tenderness, drainage, numbness or tingling, and loss of function to the affected area

53
Q

Systemic infection signs and symptoms

A

fever, increases in heart and respiratory rates, lethargy, anorexia, and tenderness or enlargement of lymph nodes

54
Q

Infants and the elderly are at the greatest risk for

A

infection because of weakened immune system

55
Q

Females are at greater risk for

A

UTIs

56
Q

Males with an enlarged prostate may have incomplete emptying of the bladder, leaving them vulnerable to _____

A

UTIs

57
Q

Disabilities causing immobility can increase the risk for

A

respiratory, skin, and urinary tract infections.

58
Q

Obesity has been linked to an increased risk for certain

A

skin infections in the skin folds

59
Q

Infection Assessment question

A
  • Do you feel tired or fatigued?
  • Do you feel short of breath?
  • Do you often feel chilled and require a blanket when others in the room are comfortable?
  • How is your appetite?
  • Do you have any areas of pain, redness, swelling, and warmth?
  • Do you have any rashes, breaks in the skin, or reddened areas?
  • Do you have swollen lymph nodes?
  • Do you feel that you empty your bladder when you go to the bathroom?
  • Do you have a cough or difficulty swallowing?
  • Have you had a fever?
  • What medications are you on? Have you taken an antibiotic recently?
  • Have you had any infections in the past year?
  • Are your immunizations up-to-date?
  • Have you been exposed to anyone with an infection?
  • Have you traveled anywhere recently?
60
Q

Infections are classified as _____ OR _____

A

acute or chronic

61
Q

Examples of acute infections include

A

coughs, colds, and ear infections

62
Q

Altered vital signs can indicate an

A

infection

63
Q

Decreased blood pressure is a late sign of

A

infection

64
Q

Adequate nutrition is important in the

A

body’s defense against infection

65
Q

The normal WBC count for adults is

A

5000 to 10,000 cells/mm3

66
Q

higher percentage of neutrophils than normal indicates

A

infection

67
Q

ESR stands for

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

68
Q

The ESR measures

A

the degree of inflammation in the body

69
Q

An ESR that remains elevated indicates

A

poor response to current therapy

70
Q

ESR that decreases indicates

A

good response

71
Q

ESR test is performed by

A

timing how fast red blood cells settle to the bottom of a tube of whole blood

72
Q

RBC’s settles faster when

A

inflammation is present

73
Q

International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) nursing diagnoses are applicable to infectious disease patients

A

Surgical break in skin integrity; chronic disease: diabetes mellitus; left hip incision: skin around incision warm, red, and tender to touch; chronic Foley catheter

Lack of knowledge about what causes infection, patient not washing hands after toileting or before meals

Prolonged bed rest, inadequate diet, open area on the coccyx

74
Q

The planning stage of the nursing process involves

A

prioritizing identified nursing diagnoses, evaluating patient abilities and resources, and setting goals

75
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is

A

a helpful resource for ranking nursing diagnoses

76
Q

The nurse must be proficient in aseptic technique to

A

reduce the patient’s risk for an HAI and know what action(s) should be taken if an HAI is suspected.

77
Q

Proper hand hygiene and proper use of PPE are important nursing actions in the prevention of

A

HAIs

78
Q

Prevention of Infection
includes

A

Washing hands before and after giving care

Educating patients on infections

wearing gloves when there is a risk of exposure for blood or bodily fluids

monitoring the patient’s temperature

monitoring wbc count if ordered

oral hygiene

use of strict aseptic technique when inserting iv or urinary catheter and when performing air suctioning

changing iv tube every 24-48 hours

breathing exercises

turning patient every 2 hours

performing skin care

ensuring optimal nutrition

79
Q

Immunization is

A

the process by which an individual develops immunity against a specific agent

it is important in preventing the spread of communicable diseases

80
Q

Medical asepsis is often referred to as

A

clean technique

81
Q

Medical aseptic procedures include

A

handwashing, wearing gloves, gowning, and disinfecting

82
Q

Surgical asepsis is also called

A

sterile technique

83
Q

Surgical asepsis is used for

A

surgical procedures

invasive procedures such as catheterization

procedures that invade the bloodstream or break the skin

dressing changes

wound care

84
Q

Disinfection is

A

the removal of pathogenic microorganisms

85
Q

Sterilization is

A

process used to destroy all microorganisms, including their spores

86
Q

tuberculosis is spread through

A

air

87
Q

what action will the nurse take when not all of the necessary equipment is at bed side

A

ring bell and ask for assistance from another staff member

88
Q

if a person has a respitory infection you should maintain a distance of

A

3 feet and above

89
Q

if there is a blocked IV line it should be

A

number 1 priority

90
Q

the order of washing hands

A

palms
back
wrists
between fingers
fingers back and front
fingertips/ under nails

91
Q

the sterile work surface should be

A

above waist level

92
Q

when performing a surgical scrub keep hands

A

above elbows

93
Q

athlete foot is what type of infection

A

fungal infection

94
Q

how can HIV spread

A

bodily fulid/ blood
blood transfusion, sharing of infecting needles, needle stick injuries

95
Q

blood born pathogen diseases

A

hep B
hep C
HIV

96
Q

clostridium difficile is transmitted through

vehicle
airborne
droplet
contact

A

contact

97
Q

indication of localized response to inflammation

A

pain
swelling
redness
and heat and wound site

98
Q

vehicle transmited infectons are spread by

A

blood
food
water

99
Q

blood borne pathogens examples

A

hepatitis B and C viruses and HIV

100
Q

what does a culture swab do

A

know what type of infection is present and find the right medications for it

101
Q
A

nsg 106 exam 2 (10 decks)

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