Value-Added Pharmacy Services- Bonner Flashcards
Types of value-added services provided by pharmacists fall what between two ends of a continuum?
Narrow and Comprehensive
Narrow:Point of Care AS Comprehensive: ?
Case management
What is the “middle of the road” considered?
Wellness/health promotion
- located between the Narrow and comprehensive ends of the continuum
Name the 6 steps in the process of providing Value-Added services.
- Collect pertinent PATIENT DATA
- EVALUATE/assess patient data
- Identify PROBLEM
- Implement PLAN
- FOLLOW-UP as needed
- DOCUMENT activities
What part of the process focuses on building the foundation?
Data Collection
The AMOUNT and TYPE of INFO needed for data collection is dependent upon what?
The type of service offered
________ involves ASSESSMENT, IDENTIFICATION and RESOLUTION of drug therapy problems, DEVELOPMENT of a care plan, and FOLLOW-UP.
Medication Management Services
T/F?
Protocols need to be evidence-based and supported by GUIDELINES and PRIMARY literature.
True
What may be developed to guide RPh’s Therapeutic decisions AND may be SPECIFIC or GENERAL?
Protocols for Medication Management Services
T/F?
Patient education is a component of ALL valued-added pharmacy service.
True
Depth of education depends on service
Patient education materials are used to reinforce ______?
the message
When assessing the literacy level of the patient what 2 things should be taken into account?
- Patients UNDERSTANDING of English
- The patient’s GENERAL ability to READ and WRITE
Patient Education (3)
- Patient brochures, fliers, videos
- Assess literacy level of patient
- AVOID the use of “technical” terms
Name the 4 OUTCOME measures (CHEK)
- Clinical
- Humanistic
- Economic
- Knowledge
Which outcome measurement is MOST readily available (easiest to measure)?
Clinical
Which outcome measurement is incorporated into SERVICE DELIVERY?
Humanistic (patients quality of life)
Which outcome measurement deals with CLAIMS database search?
Economic
Which outcome measurement is an assessment that needs to be provided before and after service is provided?
Knowledge
What should be created to provide an organized approach to service delivery?
Manual (required by CMS)
What 8 things should a manual include?
-PURPOSE of the service
-PATIENT ELIGIBILITY
-How patients will be EVALUATED
-What HAPPENS during each visit
-Outlines DOCUMENTATION REQUIRED
-COPIES of all patient
-ASSESSMENT FORMS
-EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS
Keep copies of primary literature
-PROTOCOLS
Where should a manual be kept?
In the pharmacy in an easily accessible place.
What should be achieved by a pharmacist BEFORE the start of service?
Proficiency
- May require sufficient practice and demonstration of competence before working with patients
T/F?
Education and training is key to success.
True
- Pharmacist training
- Time needed to train and depth of training may vary
When must marketing plan be implemented?
when the service is ready to be offered
What 5 things must pharmacist manage?
- Product/ Service
- Price
- Place
- Promotion
- Positioning
What are 3 strategies for ongoing monitoring?
- Staff meetings
- Patient/provider feedback
- Outcomes of the services to the practice
T/F?
Staff meetings are Important during implementation and should occur throughout the LIFE of the service/
True
What type of questions should be asked for patient/provider feedback?
OPEN-ended quesions
What is a strategy that RPh’s can use to integrate their value-added services with prescribers?
Collaborative Practice Agreements
Collaborative Practice Agreements require what?
regular communication and interaction with other providers (built upon trust, reputation, and network)
Collaborative Practice Agreements (2)
- Spell out the responsibilities of each provider and the acceptance of mutually agreed-on drug therapy management protocols
- Developed over time
T/F?
Legal requirements for CPAs are outlined in states’ Pharmacy Practice agreements.
True
4 stage-process development of collaborative working relationships
Stage 1-Professional recognition
Stage 2-Exploration and trial
Stage 3- Professional relationship expansion
Stage 4-Full collaborative working relationship
What does adequate compensation for value-added services ensures what?
a service is economically viable and sustainable
Compensation (4)
- Pharmacy costs
- Pricing
- Competitor charges
- Willingness to pay
Name the 3 profitability strategies for compensation?
- Time efficiency
- pharmacist knowledge
- the use of technicians for technical tasks
Name the 3 types of PRICING.
- Fee-for-Service:
- Resource-based relative-value scale
- Capitation
When considering pharmacy costs you must determine what 2 types of cost?
- fixed
- variable
T/F?
Pharmacy value-added services can improve patient outcomes
True
Collection of objective lab data may be warranted: (2)
- local laboratories
- point of care
Point of care services (5)
- Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA)
- Ensures labs meet quality standards
- CLIA-waived tests
- Certificate of Waiver (COW)
- OSHA and blood-borne pathogens control plan
How is data collected?What is collected?
- via paper or electronically
- demographics, medical history, family/social history, authorization to release medical history
CLIA is administered by?
CMS
How often does COW have to be renewed?
every 2 years
T/F CLIA waived test MAY be mobile or for a specific location
TRUE (depends on what you check off on the application)
Collaborative Practice Agreement:
Stage 0
professional awareness
Collaborative Practice Agreement: Stage 1 (Professional recognition)
Networking by meeting w/ MDs
Collaborative Practice Agreement: Stage 2 (Exploration and trial)
You are able to have conversations about the VALUE of the services that you can provide to the patients
Collaborative Practice Agreement: Stage 3 (professional relationship expansion)
Providing regular communication back to physicians and provide them with CLINICAL data
Collaborative Practice Agreement: Stage 4 (full collaborative working relationship)
earned over time and is NOT a RIGHT
Fee for Service (4)
- Traditional
- Charge specific rate for a service we provide
- Focus of the payment that is DIRECTLY related to the action of the provider
- Not necessarily fulfilling the patients needs
Resource based relative value scale
payment related to the LEVEL of service provided
Capitation
Service provided for a FIXED fee; typically depends on the number of patients
